金属与合金的表征 英文PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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INTRODUCTION1

1.1 Purpose and Organization of the Book1

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND INTERFACIAL ANALYSIS4

2.1 Introduction4

2.2 Grain Boundary Segregation6

2.3 Temper Embrittlement8

2.4 Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking12

2.5 Hydrogen Embrittlement17

2.6 Creep Embrittlement19

2.7 Future Directions20

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES24

3.1 Introduction24

3.2 Tools of the Trade—Unique Information Available25

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS)25

Auger Electron Spectroscopy(AES)29

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(SIMS)31

Rutherford Backscateering Spectroscopy(RBS),Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA),and Ion Channeling32

Other Methods32

3.3 Gaseous Corrosion33

High Temperature Corrosion—Influence of Alloy Additions and Coatings34

3.4 Aqueous Corrosion38

Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking39

Pit Formation40

3.5 Surface Electronic Structure and Chemistry41

3.6 Surface Modification44

3.7 Summary45

SURFACE AND THIN FILM ANALYSIS OF DIFFUSION IN METALS51

4.1 Introduction51

4.2 The Mathematics of Diffusion52

4.3 Effects of Non-Uniform Cross Sections53

4.4 Effects of Finite Thickness54

4.5 Analysis Techniques for Diffusion56

4.6 Case Studies of Diffusion60

Diffusion in Bulk Samples60

Diffusion in Thin Films64

Analysis of Surface Diffusion71

4.7 Summary71

MINERAL PROCESSING AND METAL RECLAMATION74

5.1 Introduction74

5.2 Techniques for Mineral Surface Characterization75

Direct Analysis of Solid Surfaces of Particles in a Fluid75

Surface Characterization of Mineral Particles Separated from the Processing Fluid78

5.3 Surface Bonding in Mineral-Fluid Systems82

Oxide Mineral Surfaces82

Sulfide Mineral Surfaces83

5.4 Complementary Composition Analyses of Rough and Polished Surfaces85

5.5 Summary88

MELTING AND CASTING92

6.1 Introduction92

6.2 Aluminum-Lithium Alloys94

6.3 Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys97

6.4 Rapidly Solidified Aluminum Alloy Powders100

6.5 Cast Aluminum Alloy Metal Matrix Composites102

6.6 Liquid Aluminum Alloys104

6.7 Summary105

MACHINING AND WORKING OF METALS108

7.1 Introduction108

7.2 Physical and Chemical Characterization109

Physical Properties109

Chemical Properties110

7.3 Lubrication112

7.4 Surface Finish114

7.5 Metalworking Example119

7.6 Summary123

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CLEANING OF SURFACES OF METALS AND METAL ALLOYS125

8.1 Introduction125

8.2 Characterization of Cleaning Procedures126

Mechanical Cleaning132

Chemical Cleaning133

Cleaning in a Vacuum Chamber136

Detection of Hydrogen and Miscellaneous Cleaning138

8.3 Specimen Handling and Interpretation of Data138

8.4 Summary140

COATINGS AND THIN FILMS144

9.1 Introduction144

9.2 Techniques for Creating Coatings and Thin Films145

Deposition Techniques146

Thick Film Coatings151

Ion Implantation152

Surface Segregation152

Thin Film Structures153

9.3 Techniques to Characterize Coatings and Thin Films153

9.4 Studies of Coatings on Metals155

Polymeric Coatings155

Tribological Coatings160

Passivating Coatings166

Optical and Thermal Coatings168

Electrodeposition170

Surface Modifications by Ion Implantation171

Biocoatings173

9.5 Studies of Thin Films on Metals173

Metal Thin Films174

Semiconductor Thin Films176

Oxide Thin Films177

Ceramic Thin Films179

Carbon-Based Thin Films180

9.6 Summary182

FAILURE ANALYSIS189

10.1 Introduction189

10.2 Collaboration with the Applications Engineering Team191

The Selection of Samples for Analysis192

The Handling and Shipping of Samples193

Providing Sample Background Information194

10.3 Failure Analysis Case Histories195

Metal/Metal Interface and Metal Surface Failures196

Metal/Inorganic Film Failures223

Metal/Polymer Interface Failures232

10.4 Summary240

APPENDIX:TECHNIQUE SUMMARIES247

1 Auger Electron Spectroscopy(AES)247

2 Cathodoluminescence(CL)248

3 Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(Dynamic SIMS)249

4 Elastic Recoil Spectrometry(ERS)250

5 Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Transmission Electron Microscope(EELS)251

6 Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis(EPMA)252

7 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy(EDS)253

8 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure(EXAFS)254

9 Field Ion Microscopy(FIM)255

10 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)257

11 Glow-Discharge Mass Spectrometry(GDMS)258

12 High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy(HREELS)259

13 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS)260

14 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy(ICP-OES)261

15 Ion Scattering Spectroscopy(ISS)262

16 Laser Ionization Mass Spectrometry(LIMS)263

17 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction(LEED)264

18 Low-Energy Electron Microscopy(LEEM)265

19 Magneto-Optic Kerr Effect(MOKE)267

20 Medium-Energy Ion Scattering with Channeling and Blocking(MEIS)268

21 Neutron Activation Analysis(NAA)269

22 Nuclear Reaction Analysis(NRA)270

23 Optical Micro-Reflectometry(OMR)and Differential Reflectometry(DR)271

24 Optical Second Harmonic Generation(SHG)274

25 Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission(PIXE)276

26 Photoacoustic Spectroscopy(PAS)277

27 Photoelectron Emission Microscopy(PEEM)278

28 Photoluminescence(PL)279

29 Reflected Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy(REELS)280

30 Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction(RHEED)281

31 Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry(RBS)282

32 Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)283

33 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy(STEM)284

34 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Scanning Force Microscopy(STM and SFM)285

35 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR)286

36 Spark Source Mass Spectrometry(SSMS)287

37 Sputtered Neutral Mass Spectrometry(SNMS)288

38 Static Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(Static SIMS)289

39 Surface Analysis by Laser Ionization(SALI)290

40 Surface Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure and Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure(SEXAFS/NEXAFS)291

41 Temperature Programmed Desorption(TPD)292

42 Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis(TXRF)295

43 Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM)296

44 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy(UPS)297

45 Variable-Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometry(VASE)298

46 X-Ray Diffraction(XRD)299

47 X-Ray Fluorescence(XRF)300

48 X-Ray Photoelectron and Auger Electron Diffraction(XPD and AED)301

49 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS)302

Index303