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Preface11

Abbreviations13

List of Cases15

PART ONE-Overview19

Chapter One-Preliminary Remarks19

1.1 General Introduction19

1.1.1 Presentation of the Problem19

1.1.2 The Purpose of the Study23

1.1.3 The Approach to the Problem24

1.2 Deep Sea-Bed and Its Mineral Resources26

1.2.1 Basic Facts27

1.2.2 The Economic Significance of the Deep Sea-Bed30

1.2.3 The Technology for Deepsea Mining31

1.2.4 The Actors33

1.3 The United Nations' Response36

1.3.1 The Sea-Bed Committee36

1.3.2 The Conference39

1.3.2.1 The Structure40

1.3.2.2 The Procedure42

1.3.2.3 The Progress of the Work45

1.3.3 The Convention48

Chapter Two-The Frontiers of the Deep Sea-Bed51

2.1 The Era of Coastal Claims to the Sea-Bed53

2.1.1 Background to the Claims before 194553

2.1.2 Truman Proclamations of 194555

2.1.3 The Work of the International Law Commission58

2.1.4 The United Nations Conferences in 1958 and 196060

2.1.5 North Sea Continental Shelf Cases63

2.2 The Era of Community Claims to the Sea-Bed65

2.2.1 The Sea-Bed Committee66

2.2.2 UNCLOS Ⅲ68

2.3 Article 7673

Appraisal79

PART TWO-The Legal Status of the Deep Sea-Bed85

Chapter Three-The Classical Bases of Claims to the Sea-Bed85

3.1 Claims of Rights Based on Res Nullius Concept87

3.2 Claims of Rights Based on Res Communis Concept and the Freedom of the High Seas103

3.3 Claims of Rights Based on Non-Prohibition in International Law112

Appraisal115

Chapter Four-The Principle of the Common Heritage of Mankind119

4.1 Developments During 1967-1970119

4.1.1 Malta's Proposal119

4.1.2 Reactions to Malta's Proposal121

4.1.3 The Content of Malta's Proposal and the Item before the Sea-Bed Committee122

4.1.4 Attitude of Different States about the Deep Sea-Bed at the Time of Submission of Malta's Proposal122

4.1.5 Malta and the Common Heritage of Mankind123

4.1.6 Opponents to the Common Heritage of Mankind124

4.1.7 Supporters of the Common Heritage of Mankind126

4.1.8 Moratorium Resolution130

4.2 Declaration of Principles132

4.2.1 The Long Way to the Compromise132

4.2.2 Adoption of the Declaration133

4.2.3 Declaration and the Question of the Legal Status of the Deep Sea-Bed134

4.2.4 The Binding Force of the Declaration140

4.3 Development of the Common Heritage Principle Since 1970149

4.3.1 An Encroachment to the Common Heritage:EEZ149

4.3.2 Developments inside the United Nations151

4.3.3 Developments outside the United Nations157

4.4 The Legal Status of the Deep Sea-Bed and the Convention164

Appraisal167

PART THREE-The Constituent Elements of the Legal Regime for the Deep Sea-Bed171

Chapter Five-Utilization System171

5.1 The Development of the Utilization System in the United Nations171

5.1.1 From Hopeful Optimism to Stalemate,1969-1976172

5.1.1.1 Utilization of the Area for Peaceful Purposes173

5.1.1.2 Utilization of the Resources for the Benefit of Mankind175

5.1.1.3 Initial Negotiating Positions178

5.1.1.4 Polarization of the Issue180

5.1.2 Towards a Compromise,1977-1980188

5.1.3 A Return to Disparity,1981-1982201

5.2 Utilization System in the Convention203

5.2.1 The Right of Access207

5.2.1.1 Technology Transfer209

5.2.1.2 Site-Banking Scheme211

5.2.1.3 Financial Undertakings211

5.2.2 The Balance of Rights215

5.2.2.1 Restrictive Measures215

5.2.2.2 Preferential Measures218

5.2.3 Viability of the Parallel System222

5.3 Utilization System outside the Convention225

5.3.1 General Features of National Legislation228

5.3.1.1 Definitions228

5.3.1.2 Declared Purposes229

5.3.1.3 Legal Bases230

5.3.2 Rights and Obligations under National Legislation233

5.3.2.1 Scope of Activities234

5.3.2.2 Temporal Scope235

5.3.2.3 Subjects of Law235

5.3.2.4 Qualifications of Applicants237

5.3.2.5 Size and Number of Mine Sites238

5.3.2.6 Similarities with the Provisions of the Convention238

5.3.2.7 Financial Terms239

5.3.3 National Legislation and Existing International Law242

Appraisal252

Chapter Six-Utilization Machinery255

6.1 The Need for an International Machinery256

6.2 The International Sea-Bed Authority266

6.2.1 The Status and General Features266

6.2.2 The Mandate and Functions267

6.2.2.1 Organizing Function267

6.2.2.2 Controlling Function268

6.2.2.3 Administering Function269

6.2.3 Organs of the Authority271

6.2.3.1 The Assembly272

6.2.3.2 The Council273

1.Composition274

2.Voting Procedure275

3.Organs278

4.Power Distribution between the Assembly and the Council280

6.2.3.3 The Enterprise283

6.2.3.4 The Secretariat286

6.3 Settlement of Disputes Relating to the Deepsea Mining287

6.3.1 Disputes Settlement System of the Convention287

6.3.1.1 Development of the System287

6.3.1.2 Types of Fora290

6.3.2 Disputes Relating to the Activities in the Area292

6.3.2.1 Institutions293

6.3.2.2 Scope of Jurisdiction294

1.Advisory Opinion294

2.Contentious Procedures295

6.3.2.3-Procedures and Applicable Law300

Appraisal302

PART FOUR-A View of the Future309

Chapter Seven-Interim Arrangements309

7.1 Features of the Preparatory Commission310

7.1.1 Purposes and Functions310

7.1.2 Organization311

7.1.3 Decision-Making311

7.2 Issues before the Commission313

7.2.1 Preparatory Investment Protection313

7.2.2 Establishment of the Authority and the Tribunal321

7.2.2.1 Rules of Procedure of the Organs of the Authority322

7.2.2.2 Developing Land-Based Producer States324

7.2.2.3 The Enterprise326

7.2.2.4 The Sea-Bed Mining Code329

7.2.2.5 The Law of the Sea Tribunal331

Appraisal333

Chapter Eight-General Conclusions335

Bibliography343

Index357