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CHAPTER 1 /HISTORY OF ENGINEERING1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Engineering in the Early Civilizations: The Mesopotamians2

1.3 Engineering in the Early Civilizations: The Egyptians3

1.4 Contributions of the Greeks6

1.5 Contributions of the Romans7

1.6 Engineering in the Middle Ages10

1.7 The Advancement of Science: Circa A.D.1300-175010

1.8 Advancements in Engineering: A.D.1750-190011

1.9 Engineering in the Twentieth Century14

CHAPTER 2/DEFINITION OF ENGINEERING21

2.1 Engineering21

2.2 Engineering Support Personnel23

ENGINEERING FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION25

2.3 Electrical Engineering25

2.4 Computer Engineering26

2.5 Mechanical Engineering27

2.6 Civil Engineering28

2.7 Chemical Engineering30

2.8 Industrial Engineering31

2.9 Aerospace Engineering32

2.10 Materials Engineering32

2.11 Other Branches of Engineering33

2.12 Functions of Engineering34

CAREER PATHS FOR ENGINEERS35

2.13 The Corporate Ladder36

2.14 The Independent Entrepreneur37

2.15 Employment Opportunities in Government38

2.16 Engineering and Social Services Abroad39

2.17 The Engineering Professor39

2.18 Graduate Work Outside of Engineering40

2.19 The Multiple-Track, Variable Career41

INITIAL CAREER PROFILES41

2.20 Chemical Engineering Graduates42

2.21 Civil Engineering Graduates43

2.22 Electrical Engineering Graduates44

2.23 Mechanical Engineering Graduates45

2.24 Biomedical Engineering Graduates47

2.25 Computer Engineering Graduates47

2.26 Environmental Engineering Graduates48

2.27 Industrial Engineering Graduates48

CHAPTER 3/THE ENGINEER AS A PROFESSIONAL51

3.1 Engineering as a Profession51

3.2 Characteristics and Responsibilities of Professional Engineers53

3.3 Ideals and Obligations of Professional Engineers53

3.4 Professional Registration55

3.5 Professional Organizations57

3.6 Engineering Ethics60

3.7 Moral Foundations of Engineering Ethics61

3.8 The Framework of Engineering Ethics63

3.9 Codes of Engineering Ethics64

3.10 Case Studies in Engineering Ethics69

CHAPTER 4/LEARNING AND CREATIVE THOUGHT87

4.1 Introduction87

4.2 The Successful Engineering Student87

4.3 The Engineering Curriculum89

4.4 Curriculum Planning and Management93

4.5 Adapting to the College Classroom94

THE LEARNING PROCESS95

4.6 The Nature of Learning95

4.7 Information Processing and Memory95

4.8 Determinants of Efficient Learning97

4.9 Practical Suggestions for Learning98

DIFFERENCES IN THE WAY PEOPLE THINK99

4.10 The Four-Quadrant Model of Thinking99

4.11 Hindrances to Problem Solving101

ON CREATIVITY104

4.12 What Is Creativity?104

4.13 The Nature of Creativity104

4.14 Characteristics of Creative People105

4.15 The Creative Process106

4.16 Overcoming Obstacles to Creative Thinking106

CHAPTER 5/THE ENGINEERING APPROACH TO PROBLEM SOLVING111

THE NATURE OF ENGINEERING DESIGN111

Engineering Teams112

THE ENGINEERING METHOD112

5.1 Identification of the Problem113

5.2 Gathering Needed Information114

5.3 Searching for Creative Solutions114

Brainstorming115

Checklists115

Attribute Listing115

Forced Relationship Technique116

Morphological Analysis117

5.4 Stepping from Ideation to Preliminary Designs118

Mathematical Models119

Simulation Models119

Physical Models120

5.5 Evaluation and Selection of Preferred Solution125

Economic Analysis126

Other Evaluation Techniques128

5.6 Preparation of Reports, Plans, and Specifications130

5.7 Implementation of the Design130

Patenting130

Computer-Aided Design131

Learning from Failures132

The Hyatt Regency Hotel Walkways Collapse134

CHAPTER 6/ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS141

6.1 Introduction141

6.2 Communications and Information Resources142

How Engineers Find Information and the Information Seeking Process142

Turning Information into Knowledge:Evaluating and Processing Information142

Where to Locate Information and Good Starting Points145

THE ENGINEER AS A WRITER147

6.3 Guidelines for Effective Writing148

6.4 Types of Engineering Writing149

GRAPHICAL COMMUNICATIONS153

6.5 ANSI Line Conventions and Lettering155

6.6 Types of Graphical Communications158

6.7 Sketching158

6.8 Pictorial Representations159

6.9 Orthographic Representations160

6.10 Section Views161

6.11 Auxiliary Views163

6.12 Computer Tools for Creating Representations164

6.13 Simulation and Virtual Reality165

THE ENGINEER AS A SPEAKER165

6.14 Guidelines for Effective Speaking165

6.15 Use of Visual Aids166

Use of Computer Technology in Oral Presentations167

6.16 Technical Presentations at Professional Meetings167

6.17 The Engineer as a Presiding Officer168

CHAPTER 7/ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS175

7.1 The Presentation of Engineering Calculations175

7.2 Number Systems177

7.3 Dimensions178

7.4 Units179

The International System of Units180

Units Used with SI184

7.5 Significant Figures187

7.6 Scientific Notation188

BRANCHES OF MATHEMATICS188

7.7 Algebra189

7.8 Geometry189

7.9 Trigonometry190

7.10 Calculus191

7.11 Engineering Statistics194

The Normal Distribution196

7.12 Graphical Analysis199

Developing an Equation for a Straight-line Relationship202

CHAPTER 8/A CASE STUDY—ATLANTA'S FREEDOM PARKWAY PROJECT213

8.1 Background213

8.2 Social and Environmental Legislation214

8.3 Significant State Legislation217

8.4 The Abandonment of Interstate Route I-485218

8.5 Local Plan Development219

8.6 The Presidential Parkway221

Solicitation of Support222

Design Features and Location222

Social and Environmental Assessment226

Public Opposition to the Presidential Parkway227

Administrative Actions228

8.7 Litigation229

Civil Disobedience230

8.8 Mediation232

8.9 The Freedom Parkway235

Design Features of the Freedom Parkway238

Congressional Approval238

8.10 Conclusion238

CHAPTER 9/A CASE STUDY—THE SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER ACCIDENT243

9.1 Background243

9.2 The Space Shuttle244

9.3 From Earth to Orbit246

9.4 Events Leading up to the Challenger Mission248

9.5 Launch Delays249

9.6 The Presidential Commission and Its Activities251

9.7 The Accident253

9.8 The Cause of the Accident257

9.9 The Contributing Cause of the Accident264

INDEX273