科研方法与论文撰写PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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Part One Understanding the Nature of Research4

Chapter 1 Cultivating a Research Mind4

1.1 Avoiding Errors of Reasoning4

1.2 A Keen Observer5

1.3 Without Taking Things for Granted6

1.4 Staying Unbiased8

1.5 Predicting Based on Sound Reasoning9

1.6 Become a Systematic Organizer10

Chapter 2 A Research in Broad Sense(One)13

2.1 Traditional Modes of Knowledge Seeking13

2.2 A Scientific Research16

2.2.1 Definition16

2.2.2 Its Process18

2.3 Types of Research23

2.3.1 Meta-analysis Approach23

2.3.2 The Trend Study26

2.3.3 Cohort Study27

2.3.4 The Panel Study28

2.3.5 Follow-up Study29

2.3.6 Historical Research30

2.4 Correlational Designs31

Chapter 3 A Research in Broad Sense(Two)35

3.1 Experimental Researches35

3.1.1 The One Shot Case Study35

3.1.2 One-group Pretest Posttest Design36

3.1.3 Intact Group Design36

3.2 True Experimental Designs38

3.2.1 Posttest Only Control Group38

3.2.2 Pretest Posttest Control Group Design39

3.3 Quasi-experimental Design40

3.3.1 The Nonequivalent Control Group Design40

3.3.2 Time-series Design41

3.4 Factorial Design41

3.5 Examples of Application43

Chapter 4 Elements of Research(One)45

4.1 Concept45

4.2 Definition47

4.3 Variables50

4.3.1 Types of Variables50

4.3.2 Independent Variable51

4.3.3 Dependent Variable51

4.3.4 Moderator Variable51

4.3.5 Control Variable53

4.3.6 Intervening Variable53

4.4 Hypothesis54

Chapter 5 Elements of Research(Two)58

5.1 Levels of Measurement58

5.1.1 Nominal Scales62

5.1.2 Ordinal Scale63

5.1.3 Interval Scale65

5.2 Validity69

5.2.1 Content Validity70

5.2.2 Empirical Validity71

5.2.3 Predictive Validity72

5.2.4 Construct Validity74

5.3 Reliability76

Chapter 6 Elements of Research(Three)79

6.1 Comparison79

6.2 Manipulation80

6.3 Control80

6.4 Extrinsic Factors81

6.5 Intrinsic Factors82

6.6 Matching85

6.7 Randomization86

6.8 Generalization88

Part Two Conducting Research Work93

Chapter 7 Deciding Focus93

7.1 Developing Research Topics93

7.1.1 Procedures93

7.1.2 Sources of Topics93

7.1.3 Narrowing Down a Topic95

7.1.4 Characteristics of Good Topics95

7.1.5 Stating Research Topics97

7.2 Making a Schedule98

7.3 Keeping Academic Integrity100

7.3.1 Guidelines for Using Quotations101

7.3.2 Acceptable Quoting Ways102

7.3.3 Unacceptable Quoting Ways103

7.4 Guidelines for Writing Paraphrase104

7.4.1 Unacceptable Paraphrasing Way105

7.4.2 Acceptable Paraphrasing Way105

7.4.3 Comments106

7.5 Guidelines for Writing Summary106

7.5.1 Unacceptable Summary107

7.5.2 Acceptable summary107

7.5.3 Comments107

Chapter 8 Reviewing Literature(One)109

8.1 Using the Library109

8.1.1 Using the Stacks109

8.1.2 The Card Catalogue110

8.2 Classification111

8.2.1 Library of Congress Classification(U.S.A)111

8.2.2 Library of China Classification114

8.3 Using the Internet as Your Source115

8.3.1 Searching for Information115

8.3.2 General Search Engines116

8.3.3 Some other Useful English Sites118

8.3.4 Some Useful Chinese Sites119

Chapter 9 Reviewing Literature(Two)121

9.1 Handling Information121

9.1.1 Summarizing and Maintaining Your Information121

9.1.2 Cards for Abstracts122

9.1.3 Cards for Critical Comments123

9.1.4 Cards for Potential Use123

9.1.5 Criteria for Evaluating Sources123

9.2 Writing Literature Review124

9.2.1 Things to Note124

9.2.2 A Sample of Review Research125

9.3 APA Writing Style130

9.3.1 General Document Guidelines131

9.3.2 Title Page132

9.3.3 Abstract132

9.3.4 Body133

9.3.5 Text Citations133

9.3.6 Quotations136

9.3.7 References136

9.3.8 Tables and Figures139

9.3.9 Summary of Parts of Study Report in APA139

Chapter 10 Qualitative Researches141

10.1 Definition141

10.2 Method142

10.3 Common Pursuits by Qualitative Researchers142

10.4 Qualitative Research Approaches143

10.5 Major Characteristics of Qualitative Research145

Chapter 11 Data Collecting(One)148

11.1 Observations148

11.1.1 Roles of Observation148

11.1.2 Characteristics152

11.2 Controlled Observations157

11.3 Survey Research157

11.3.1 Personal Interview158

11.3.2 The Question161

11.4 Impersonal Survey Methods168

11.4.1 Mail Questionnaire168

11.4.2 Telephone Surveys170

11.5 Attitude Measurement171

11.5.1 Arbitrary Scales173

11.5.2 Thurstone Scales175

11.5.3 Likert Scales178

Chapter 12 Data Collecting(Two)182

12.1 Unobtrusive Studies182

12.1.1 Intent of Unobtrusive Measures182

12.1.2 Physical Traces184

12.1.3 Simple Observation185

12.1.4 Archival Records188

12.1.5 Public Records189

12.1.6 Private Records193

12.2 Content Analysis198

12.3 Units and Categories203

Chapter 13 Data Collecting(Three)208

13.1 Questionnaire Design208

13.1.1 Questions and Statements209

13.1.2 Open-ended and Closed-ended Questions209

13.1.3 Make Items Clear211

13.1.4 Avoid Double-barreled Questions212

13.1.5 Answerable to Respondents213

13.1.6 Relevant Questions214

13.1.7 Short Items Are Best215

13.1.8 Avoid Negative Items216

13.1.9 Biased Items and Terms216

13.2 Questionnaire Construction219

13.2.1 General Questionnaire Format220

13.2.2 Formats for Respondents221

13.2.3 Contingency Questions223

13.2.4 Matrix Questions226

13.2.5 Other Question Formats228

13.2.6 Ordering Items in a Questionnaire229

13.2.7 Instructions231

13.2.8 Pretesting the Questionnaire233

Chapter 14 Data Collecting(Four)235

14.1 Sampling235

14.1.1 The Knowledge of Sampling237

14.1.2 Simple Random Sampling238

14.1.3 Systematic Sampling241

14.1.4 Stratified Sampling243

14.2 Ensuring Sound Data244

Chapter 15 Evaluating Research Study245

15.1 Evaluating Research Study245

15.2 Checklist260

15.3 Overall Quality of a Research263

Part Three Processing Data269

Chapter 16 An Introduction to SPSS269

16.1 Functional Parts269

16.2 Data Editor Window272

16.3 Data Input/Save/Printing273

16.4 Chart Editor Window275

16.5 Using Syntax Editor Window277

16.6 Basic Steps in Data Analysis283

16.6.1 Entering Numeric Data286

16.6.2 Defining Data287

16.6.3 Copying and Pasting Variable Attributes288

16.6.4 Reading Files289

16.6.5 Transforming Data Values292

16.6.6 Distributed Analysis293

16.6.7 Sharing Data File in Local Computer295

16.6.8 Selecting a Procedure296

16.6.9 Pivoting a Table298

16.7 Creating a Chart304

16.8 Customizing312

16.9 Creating scripts315

Chapter 17 Statistics(One)318

17.1 The Concept of Statistics318

17.1.1 Descriptive Statistics319

17.1.2 Inferential Statistics320

17.1.3 Prediction321

17.1.4 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Statistics322

17.2 Tabulation323

17.3 Frequency324

17.3.1 Ungrouped Data325

17.3.2 Grouped Data326

17.3.3 Class Limits328

17.3.4 Cumulative and Relative Frequencies329

17.3.5 Bivariate Frequency Distribution331

17.4 Percentile Rank332

17.4.1 Calculating Percentile Ranks334

17.4.2 The Distribution of Percentile Ranks335

17.5 Graphs of Frequency Distributions336

17.6 Using Symbols for Statistics341

Chapter 18 Statistics(Two)343

18.1 Measures of Central Tendency343

18.1.1 The Arithmetic Mean344

18.1.2 Mathematical Operations with the Mean347

18.1.3 The Median348

18.1.4 The Mode350

18.1.5 Calculating Mean/Median/Mode350

18.1.6 Selecting a Measure of Central Tendency351

18.2 Measures of Dispersion354

18.2.1 The Range355

18.2.2 The Mean Deviation356

18.2.3 The Sum of Squares357

18.2.4 The Variance358

18.2.5 The Standard Deviation360

18.2.6 Variance/Standard Deviation Computing361

18.2.7 Skewness and Kurtosis362

Chapter 19 Probability Distribution364

19.1 Definition of Probability364

19.2 Seven Fundamental Rules of Probability365

19.3 Samling a Finite Population Without Replacement367

19.4 Factorial Notation369

19.5 Application of the Fundamental Rules of Probability371

19.6 Application of the Binomial Probability Distribution375

19.7 Standard Scores380

19.7.1 The Idea of a Standard Score380

19.7.2 Zero Mean and Unit Standard Deviation382

19.8 Properties of z-Score Distributions383

19.9 Other Linear Score Transformations385

19.10 Normal Distribution387

19.10.1 Summary of the Properties of Normal Curves389

19.10.2 Areas Under the Normal Curve391

Chapter 20 Correlation and Prediction396

20.1 The Study of Related Variables396

20.2 Pearson Product Moment Correlation397

20.3 Factors Influencing the Value of the Coefficient401

20.4 Interpretation of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient403

20.5 The Correlation Matrix406

20.6 Other Correlation Coefficient408

20.6.1 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient408

20.6.2 The Kendall Tau Rank Correlation Coefficient410

20.7 Discussing the Prediction411

20.8 Standard Error of Estimate413

Chapter 21 Hypothesis and Testing416

21.1 Null Hypothesis416

21.2 The Region of Rejection420

21.3 Procedure for Testing Hypothesis424

21.4 The Problem of Error in Hypothesis Testing427

21.4.1 When the Hypothesis is Related429

21.4.2 Choosing the Level of Significance431

21.5 The Power of a Statistical Test432

Chapter 22 Knowledge of Experimenting436

22.1 Understanding Experimental Design436

22.2 Experimental Versus Ex Post Facto Research439

22.3 Methods of Controlling Independent Variables442

22.4 Selection of a Statistical Analysis446

Chapter 23 Testing450

23.1 The Students't-distribution451

23.1.1 Comparing Two Means452

23.1.2 Paired T-test454

23.1.3 Examples in Independent Samples t-test456

23.2 The Mann-whitney U-Test458

23.2.1 Function458

23.2.2 Procedure459

23.2.3 Example460

23.3 Normal Approximation with Tie Correlation462

23.4 Tests of Significance of Correlation464

23.5 Chi-square Tests of Goodness of Fit465

23.5.1 Function465

23.5.2 Procedure466

23.5.3 Example468

23.6 Chi-square Test for Goodness of Fit to Normal469

23.7 Chi-square Tests for Contingency Tables471

23.7.1 Function471

23.7.2 Procedure472

23.7.3 Example473

23.8 The Median Test475

23.9 One Way of Analysis of Variance477

References481

Appendix A485

Appendix B511

Appendix C517

Appendix D519

Appendix E521

Appendix F523

Appendix G525

Appendix H526

Appendix I528