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Chapter 1 A Brief Introduction to the Essay1

1.1 Evidence,Idea,Essay1

Evidence2

Idea:Getting to the Heart of the Matter2

Essay4

1.2 Analysis,Interpretation,Reflection6

Analysis6

Interpretation＆Reflection7

Chapter 2 Analysis9

2.1 The Nature of Analysis10

2.2 Determining a Basis for Breakdown10

2.3 Objectivity and Claims11

2.4 Interpretation12

2.5 Analysis and the Other Patterns of Inquiry13

2.6 Analysis with a Purpose14

2.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing14

Text A from The Road from Coorain14

Text B Neighborly Vultures16

Text C Living Like Weasels18

Text D The Bird of Paradise:The Hunter and the Poet23

Chapter 3 Description31

3.1 The Nature of Description32

3.2 Creating a Lasting Impression by Selecting Details32

3.3 Organizing Details34

3.4 Using Figurative Language34

3.5 Description with a Purpose36

3.6 Description and the Other Patterns of Inquiry37

3.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing38

Text A from Moments of Being(1)38

Text B from Moments of Being(2)40

Text C The Seam of the Snail41

Text D Love Sick46

Chapter 4 Narration53

4.1 The Nature of Narration54

4.2 Sequence,Causality,and Effect54

4.3 Defining Events55

4.4 Selecting Events and Details56

4.5 Moment in Time58

4.6 The Narrator58

4.7 Narration with a Purpose61

4.8 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing61

Text A from A Storm,the Cornfield,and Elk61

Text B from Once More to the Lake63

Text C Wolf Hunt65

Text D Beauty:When the Other Dancer Is the Self68

Chapter 5 Illustration79

5.1 The Nature of Illustration80

5.2 The Meaning of Illustration81

5.3 How Illuatration Works:Inductive and Deductive Thinking82

5.4 Using Illustration in Writing83

5.5 Illustration with a Purpose85

5.6 Selecting Examples86

5.7 Illustration and the Other Pattenrns of Inquiry86

5.8 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing87

Text A from The Design of Everyday Things(1)87

Text B from The Design of Everyday Things(2)88

Text C from Writing Down the Bones90

Text D English Is a Crazy Language93

Chapter 6 Classification99

6.1 The Nature of Classification100

6.2 Selecting a Principle of Classification101

6.3 Classification with a Purpose102

6.4 Using Classification in Writing106

6.5 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing107

Text A from Invitation to Psychology107

Text B from The Gift of Good Land109

Text C The Best of Enemies?111

Text D Mother Tongue115

Chapter 7 Comparison and Contrast123

7.1 The Nature of Comparison and Contrast124

7.2 Comparison and Contrast with a Purpose124

7.3 Establishing a Basis for Comparison and Contrast124

7.4 Block Structure126

7.5 Alternating Structure128

7.6 A Special Case of Comparison:Analogy130

7.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing131

Text A from Emotional Intelligence131

Text B Forty Ways to Look at Winston Churchill133

Text C Athens and Sparta135

Text D The Cosmic Calendar138

Chapter 8 Cause and Effect145

8.1 The Nature of Cause and Effect146

8.2 Multiple Causes147

8.3 Interactive Causes147

8.4 Speculating about Effects148

8.5 Using Cause and Effect in Writing149

8.6 Cause and Effect with a Purpose152

8.7 Cause and Effect and the Other Pattern of Inquiry153

8.8 Samples of Reading，Thinking＆Writing153

Text A from Complications153

Text B from Cleopatra's Nose155

Text C The Double-Edged Ax of American Technology156

Text D America and the Coffee Bean161

Chapter 9 Process Analysis165

9.1 The Nature of Process Analysis166

9.2 Breaking Things Down Into Steps166

9.3 Using Process Analysis in Writing168

9.4 Process Analysis with a Purpose171

9.5 Process Analysis and the Other Patterns of Inquiry172

9.6 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing172

Text A from Tender at the Bone172

Text B from Sociology173

Text C How to Put Off Doing a Job175

Chapter 10 Definition179

10.1 The Nature of Definition180

10.2 Denotation and Connotation181

10.3 Using Definiton in Writing182

10.4 Ways to Define182

10.5 Definition with a Purose187

10.6 Definition and the Other Patterns of Inquiry189

10.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing189

Text A Scientific Concept189

Text B Psychological/Religious Concept191

Text C All Living Things Are Critics194

Text D Criticism197

Chapter 11 Argument205

11.1 The Nature of Argument206

11.2 Using Argument in Writing207

11.3 Leading to a Conclusion207

ll.4 Evidence209

11.5 Logos,Ethos,Pathos210

11.6 Fallacies214

11.7 Samples of Reading,Thinking＆Writing217

Text A from Politics and the English Language217

Text B from"Let's Go to the Tape"218

Text C Have the Guts To Accept Gay Soldiers220

Text D Declaration of Independence223

Chapter 12 The Patterns in Their Natural Habitat231

Text A Transfigurations232

Text B Yes236

Text C A Well-Regulated Militia243

Text D Salvation250

Text E I Have a Dream254

Text F Reading the River260

Appendix Finding Evidence and Documenting Sources265

References281