新编语言学基础教程PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

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1 Language:An Introduction1

1.1 Properties of language1

1.1.1 Communicative versus informative1

1.2.1 Unique properties2

1.1.2.1 Displacement2

1.1.2.2 Arbitrariness3

1.1.2.3 Productivity4

1.1.2.4 Cultural transmission5

1.1.2.5 Discreteness5

1.1.2.6 Duality6

1.1.3 Other properties6

1.2 Language functions7

2 What Is Linguistics?10

2.1 What is linguistics10

2.2 What do linguists do?11

2.2.1 The study of language11

2.2.2 Application of language study13

2.3 Some basic distinctions in linguistics16

2.3.1 Description vs.Prescription16

2.3.2 Langue and parole17

2.3.3 Synchrony and diachrony17

2.3.4 Competence and performance17

2.3.5 Speech and writing18

3 Phonetics:The Sound of Language20

3.1 Representing speech o paper-IPR22

3.2 The classification of English consonants24

3.3 Vowels28

4 Phonology:The Sound Patterns of Language31

4.1 Phonemes:the phonological units of language32

4.2 Minimal pairs32

4.3 Form and meaning33

4.4 Distinctive features34

4.5 Sequence constraints34

4.6 Phones and allophones36

4.7 Phonological process rules38

4.7.1 Assimilation rules38

4.7.2 Dissimilation rules39

4.8 Suprasegmental features41

4.8.1 Stress41

4.8.2 Pitch44

4.8.3 Intonation44

5 Morphonogy:The Words of Language47

5.1 Open and closed classes of words48

5.2 Word sets49

5.3 Morphemes:the minimal units of meaning50

5.4 Allomorphs54

5.4.1 Phonological conditioning of allomorphs54

5.4.2 Morphological conditioning of allomorphs54

5.5.1 Morphological rules of word formation55

5.5 English word formation55

5.5.1.1 Derivation56

5.5.2 English word formation56

5.5.1.1.1 Prefixation57

5.5.1.1.2 Suffixaion59

5.5.1.2 Compounding59

5.5.1.3 Conversion60

5.5.1.4 Acronyms63

5.5.1.5 Clipping63

5.5.1.6 Blending64

5.5.1.7 Back-formation64

5.5.1.8 Reduplication64

6.1 Traditional grammatical concepts66

6 Syntax:Traditional Grammar66

6.1.1 The parts of speech67

6.1.2 Some other traditional categories67

6.1.3 Traditional analysis68

6.1.3.1 Appropriateness68

6.1.3.2 The prescriptive approach69

6.1.3.3 Sentence,clause and phrase71

7 Structural Grammar79

7.1 Discovery procedure79

7.2 Phoneme and morpheme80

7.3 Word class81

7.3.1 Nouns82

7.3.2 Verbs83

7.3.3 Adjectives and adverbs83

7.4 Function word84

7.5 Sentence formulas86

7.6 Immediate constituent analysis86

8 Transformational-Generative Grammar93

8.1 Transformation93

8.2 Generation101

8.3 Rules105

9 Semantics:The Meaning of Language111

9.1 Semantic properties111

9.2 Ambiguity114

9.3 Metaphor116

9.4 Paraphrase118

9.5 Antonyms:different sounds,opposite meanings121

9.6 Anomaly:no sense and nonsense122

9.7 Idioms125

9.8 The ‘truth’of sentences126

9.9 Sense and reference128

10 Pragmatics130

10.1 What is pragmatics?130

10.2 Deixis and distance131

10.2.1 Person dexis131

10.2.2 Spatial Deixis132

10.2.3 Temporal deixis134

10.3 Context135

10.4 Reference and inference135

10.5 Presupposition137

10.6 Speech acts137

10.6.1 Three dimensions of speech acts138

10.6.2 IFID139

10.6.3 Felicity conditions140

10.6.4 Speech act classification140

10.6.5 Direct and indirect speech acts142

10.7 Politeness143

11.1 Interpreting discourse146

11 Discourse Analysis146

11.2 Cohesion147

11.3 Coherence148

11.4 Speech events149

11.4.1 Conversational interaction149

11.4.2 The co-operative principle150

11.5 Background knowledge151

12 Languages and Writing155

12.1 Ideographic writing155

12.2 Pictographic writing158

12.3 Syllabic writing,unlimited and limited160

12.4 Alphabetic writing161

12.5 The wanderings of the alphabet164

13 Language History and Change170

13.1 Family trees170

13.3 Cognates171

13.2 Family relationships172

13.4 Comparative reconstruction172

13.5 Language change174

13.5.1 Old English175

13.5.2 Middle English176

13.5.3 Sound changes176

13.5.4 Syntactic changes178

13.5.5 Lexical Changes178

13.6 The process of change179

14 Language and Society180

14.1 What is sociolinguistics?180

14.2 Relationships between language and society181

14.3 Some basic methodological concerns182

14.4 Social dialects184

15.2 Language and dialects184

14.4.1 Social class185

14.4.2 Age and gender186

14.4.3 Ethnic background189

14.4.4 Idiolect189

14.4.5 Style,register and jargon190

14.4.6 Diglossia191

15 Language Varieties193

15.1 What is variety?193

15.3 Accent and dialect200

15.4 Regional dialects201

15.5 Bilingualism203

15.6 Pidgins and creoles203

15.7 Language planning206

16 Language and Culture209

16.1 What is culture?209

16.2 Linguistic determinism210

16.3 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis211

16.4 Kinship system214

16.5 Color-terms216

16.6 Prototype theory218

16.7 Taboo and euphemism219

17 First Language Acquisition224

17.1 Theories of first language acquisition224

17.1.1 Behavioristic approaches225

17.1.2 The nativist approach227

17.1.3 Functional approaches230

17.2 Issues in child language acquisition232

17.2.1 Competence and performance232

17.2.2 Comprehension and production234

17.2.3 Nature or nurture?234

17.2.4 Universals235

17.2.5 Systematicity and variability236

17.2.6 Language and thought236

17.2.7 Imitation237

17.2.8 Practice238

17.2.9 Input239

17.2.10 Discourse240

18 Theories of Second Language Acquisition242

18.1 Hypotheses and models242

18.1.1 Krashen s Input Hypothesis244

18.1.2 Mclaughlin s Attention-processing246

18.1.3 Bialystok s Analysis/Automaticity Model248

18.1.4 Variability models250

18.1.5 The Believing and Doubting Games251

18.2 From theory to practice252

Appendix Corpus Linguistics255

Definition of corpus256

Definition of corpus linguistics257

The early stage of corpus linguistics-historical conspectus258

The second stage-the beginning modern corpus linguistics261

The third stage-thd resurgence of corpus linguistics265

Issues in corpus design and compilation270

Corpus Annotation275

References282