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CHAPTER 1．INTRODUCTION1

Historical survey1

Scope of the book2

The properties of bituminous materials3

The structure of flexible roads5

Control of the quality of bituminous road surfacings7

Miscellaneous aspects of bituminous road surfacings7

References8

CHAPTER 2．ROADMAKING AGGREGATES9

Classification and nomenclature9

The effect of production processes on the quality of aggregates12

The testing of aggregates14

Applications of test results18

Summary21

References21

CHAPTER 3．THE ORIGIN，PREPARATION AND CONSTITUTION OF BITUMINOUS ROAD BINDERS23

Introduction23

The origin and preparation of road tar23

The origin and preparation of road bitumen(including natural asphalt)29

The chemical constitution of road tars and bitumens37

Appendix 3．A．Summary of requirements for road tar，road bitumen and lake asphalt in British and other Standards(1959)41

Summary50

References50

CHAPTER 4．BITUMINOUS ROAD EMULSIONS53

Introduction53

Emulsions，emulsifiers and stabilizers53

The preparation and application of emulsions56

Mechanism of breaking of emulsions in surface dressings59

General characteristics of road emulsions61

Uses of emulsions in road construction and maintenance64

Rubberized bitumen emulsions66

Summary66

References67

CHAPTER 5．THE ADHESION OF BITUMINOUS BINDERS TO ROAD AGGREGATES68

Introduction68

Adhesion in the absence of water68

The incidence of water in bituminous surfacings69

Types of adhesion failure caused by water70

Fundamental properties of the binder/stone/water system72

The mechanism of stripping and of adhesion failure74

Adhesion tests77

Methods of improving adhesion82

Appendix 5．A．The static immersion test84

Appendix 5．B．The Road Research Laboratory immersion wheeltracking test85

Summary87

References87

Bibliography88

CHAPTER 6．THE RHEOLOGY OF BITUMINOUS BINDERS89

Introduction89

Viscosity89

Non-linear flow properties107

Elastic properties109

Visco-elastic behaviour of bitumens：an approximate treatment114

Ductility and brittleness119

Summary121

References121

CHAPTER 7．THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BITUMINOUS MIXTURES125

Introduction125

Dense and open-textured bituminous mixtures125

Resistance of bituminous mixtures to permanent deformation129

Flexibility and brittleness148

Common mechanical tests for bituminous materials153

The value of mechanical tests169

Appendix 7．A．Determination of apparent specific gravity and voids(B．S．598)170

Percentage of voids in the aggregate filled with binder173

Summary173

References173

Bibliography175

CHAPTER 8．THE WEATHERING OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS176

Introduction176

The action of weather on different types of bituminous road surfacing176

The methods of studying durability178

The influence of the composition of the bituminous mixture on its durability179

Full-scale road experiments on the durability of coated-macadam wearing courses180

Full-scale road experiments on the durability and surface texture of dense bituminous surfacings183

Factors affecting the durability of bituminous binders185

Durability tests195

The improvement of the performance of bituminous binders200

Appendix 8．A．The apparatus and procedure for the pressure oxidation test using the e．v．t．method of measurement204

Summary206

References206

CHAPTER 9．THE DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE ROAD PAVEMENTS210

Introduction210

The constituents of flexible pavements210

Types of flexible pavement210

The requirements for the road pavement211

The stresses in road structures212

Empirical methods of pavement design218

Recommendations for the structural design of new flexible pavements223

Full-scale pavement design experiments224

The design of hard shoulders230

Summary231

References231

CHAPTER 10．COATED MACADAM AND FINE COLD ASPHALT233

Introduction233

Development and general properties of coated macadam233

Basecourse and single-course coated macadam235

Wearing course coated macadam240

Coated macadam as a road base245

Fine cold asphalt246

Appendix 10．A．Summary of requirements for coated macadam in British Standards and related specifications247

Summary256

References256

CHAPTER 11．DENSE BITUMINOUS SURFACINGS258

A．ROLLED ASPHALT258

Introduction258

Nature of rolled asphalt258

Advantages of rolled asphalt as a surfacing material260

Selection of composition261

Application of coated chippings to the surface267

Resistance to skidding269

Basecourse material270

Rolled asphalt as a road base material271

Thin-application rolled asphalt272

Laying of rolled asphalt272

Cracking of asphalt on concrete274

Rolled asphalt for tracked vehicles274

Coloured rolled asphalt274

B．DENSE TAR SURFACING275

Introduction275

Laboratory design of dense tar surfacing275

Full-scale road experiments281

The commercial use of dense tar surfacing286

Summary290

References290

Bibliography291

CHAPTER 12．SURFACE DRESSING292

Introduction292

The functions and requirements of a surface dressing293

The factors affecting the quality and life of surface dressings294

The binder294

The chippings297

The external conditions299

The application of the materials301

Surface dressing of non-bituminous surfacings310

Surface dressing with emulsion binder311

Surface dressing under difficult conditions312

Summary314

References315

Bibliography315

CHAPTER 13．PREVENTION OF WET-WEATHER DAMAGE TO SURFACE DRESSINGS316

Introduction316

Methods of preventing wet-weather damage317

Details of methods of preventing wet-weather damage to surface dressings323

Appendix 13．A．Specification for the solution of an adhesion agent in light creosote oil for use in surface dressing in wet weather331

Appendix 13．B．The Road Research Laboratory immersion tray test332

Summary333

References333

CHAPTER 14．SURFACE DRESSING MACHINERY334

Binder distributors334

Fire precautions on pressure sprayers348

Gritting machines350

Rollers for surface dressing354

Summary355

References355

CHAPTER 15．COATED-MACADAM AND ASPHALT MIXING PLANTS357

Introduction357

General types of mixing plant357

The feeding system362

The drying and heating system363

The screening system367

Proportioning and batching of aggregate372

Proportioning of filler377

Heating and proportioning of binder378

Mixing units386

Storage of mixed materials392

Dust collection393

Temperature control398

Summary402

References402

CHAPTER 16．MACHINERY FOR THE LAYING OF BITUMINOUS SURFACINGS403

Introduction403

Heating-and-planing machinery403

Spreading machinery406

Rollers and rolling412

Summary414

References414

Bibliography415

CHAPTER 17．WET-AGGREGATE PROCESSES FOR MAKING BITUMINOUS ROAD SURFACINGS416

Introduction416

Coating wet aggregates with bitumen emulsion417

Coating wet aggregates with binders containing adhesion agents419

The wet-aggregate(hydrated lime)process422

Appendix 17．A．Compositions of mixed materials for the wet-aggregate(hydrated lime)process428

Appendix 17．B．Test procedure for use with the wet-aggregate(hydrated lime)process434

Summary437

References437

CHAPTER 18．BITUMINOUS SURFACINGS FOR CITY STREETS439

Introduction439

Rolled asphalt440

Mastic asphalt440

Compressed natural rock asphalt443

Unheated natural-rock-asphalt powder with coated chippings—＇rock(non-skid)asphalt＇445

Lake asphalt sand carpet with contiguous coated chippings447

Dense tar surfacing and fine cold asphalt448

Appendix 18．A．Naturally occurring bitumen450

Appendix 18．B．The treatment of granite setts and wood blocks452

Summary453

References453

Bibliography454

CHAPTER 19．THE＇RETREAD＇PROCESS455

Introduction455

Materials suitable for the retread process455

Method of carrying out the retread process457

Summary461

References461

CHAPTER 20．THE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF BITUMINOUS ROAD MATERIALS462

Introduction462

Methods of sampling bituminous road mixtures463

Determination of the proportions of binder，coarse and fine aggregate，filler and moisture468

Recovery of binder for examination482

Determination of apparent specific gravity and voids485

Summary489

References490

CHAPTER 21．THE SAMPLING AND TESTING OF BITUMINOUS ROAD BINDERS491

Introduction491

Sampling of bituminous road binders493

Tests for bitumens and tars496

Tests for road emulsions518

Appendix 21．A．Relationship between technical viscosity scales521

Summary524

References525

CHAPTER 22．CONTROL IN THE MANUFACTURE AND LAYING OF BITUMINOUS ROAD MATERIALS526

The need for control526

Monetary savings due to control527

Control of surface dressing work530

Control when mixing and laying pre-mixed bituminous surfacings534

Keeping of records540

Summary541

References541

CHAPTER 23．THE PREVENTION AND CURE OF CRACKS IN BITUMINOUS SURFACINGS OVER CONCRETE542

Introduction542

The causes of cracking542

The prevention of cracking547

The treatment of cracked surfacings553

Summary554

References555

CHAPTER 24．RUBBER IN BITUMINOUS ROAD MATERIALS557

Introduction557

Types of natural rubber used in bituminous road surfacings558

The effects of rubber on the properties of bituminous binders559

The effects of heat and mastication on rubber in bitumen561

Methods of mixing rubber with road materials563

Rubberized binders in surface dressing564

Rubberized mastic asphalt565

The use of rubber in rolled asphalt and bitumen macadam567

Latex in bitumen emulsions569

Rubberized slurry seals569

Appendix 24．A．The determination of rubber content by iodine value and specific viscosity measurements569

Summary571

References571

CHAPTER 25．ROAD-MARKING MATERIALS574

Introduction574

Types of road-marking material574

Requirements of road-marking materials575

Materials for centre-line and traffic-lane markings for roads other than city streets576

Marking materials for city streets585

Summary587

References588

CHAPTER 26．EQUIPMENT FOR A CENTRAL LABORATORY AND A MOBILE LABORATORY FOR THE TESTING OF BITUMINOUS ROAD MATERIALS590

Introduction590

Safety precautions590

Equipment required591

CHAPTER 27．DEFINITIONS OF TERMS596

Introduction596

Definitions596

INDEX601