化学工程师用的经验法则 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

化学工程师用的经验法则 英文版PDF格式电子书版下载

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SECTION ONE Equipment Design1

1：Fluid Flow2

Velocity head3

Piping pressure drop4

Equivalent length4

Recommended velocities5

Two-phase flow7

Compressible flow9

Sonic velocity12

Metering12

Control valves13

Safety relief valves16

2：Heat Exchangers19

TEMA20

Selection guides24

Pressure drop shell and tube27

Temperature difference29

Shell diameter30

Shellside velocity maximum30

Nozzle velocity maximum31

Heat transfer coefficients31

Fouling resistances38

Metal resistances40

Vacuum condensers42

Air-cooled heat exchangers:forced vs induced draft42

Air-cooled heat exchangers:pressure drop air side43

Air-cooled heat exchangers:rough rating44

Air-cooled heat exchangers:temperature control46

Miscellaneous rules of thumb48

3：Fractionators49

Introduction50

Relative volatility50

Minimum reflux51

Minimum stages52

Actual reflux and actual theoretical stages52

Reflux to feed ratio53

Actual trays54

Graphical methods54

Tray efficiency55

Diameter of bubble cap trays59

Diameter of sieve/valve trays(F factor)60

Diameter of sieve/valve trays(Smith)61

Diameter of sieve/valve trays(Lieberman)63

Diameter of ballast trays63

Diameter of fractionators,general65

Control schemes65

Optimization techniques69

Reboilers72

Packed columns76

4：Absorbers97

Introduction98

Hydrocarbon absorber design98

Hydrocarbon absorbers,optimization100

Inorganic type101

5：Pumps104

Affinity laws105

Horsepower105

Efficiency105

Minimum flow105

General suction system106

Suction system NPSH available107

Suction system NPSH for studies108

Suction system NPSH with dissolved gas109

Larger impeller109

Construction materials109

6：Compressors112

Ranges of application113

Generalized Z113

Generalized K114

Horsepower calculation115

Efficiency119

Temperature rise121

Surge controls121

7：Drivers122

Motors:efficiency123

Motors:starter sizes124

Motors:service factor124

Motors:useful equations125

Motors:relative costs125

Motors:overloading126

Steam turbines:steam rate126

Steam turbines:efficiency126

Gas turbines:fuel rates127

Gas engines:fuel rates129

Gas expanders:available energy129

8：Separators/Accumulators130

Liquid residence time131

Vapor residence time132

Vapor/liquid calculation method133

Liquid/liquid calculation method135

Pressure drop135

Vessel thickness136

Gas scrubbers136

Reflux drums136

General vessel design tips137

9：Boilers138

Power plants139

Controls139

Thermal efficiency140

Stack gas enthalpy141

Stack gas quantity142

Steam drum stability143

Deaerator venting144

Water alkalinity145

Blowdown control145

Impurities in water145

Conductivity versus dissolved solids147

Silica in steam148

Caustic embrittlement148

Waste heat150

10：Cooling Towers153

System balances154

Temperature data154

Performance156

Performance estimate:a cast history158

Transfer units158

SECTION TWO Process Design161

11：Refrigeration162

Types of systems163

Estimating horsepower per ton163

Horsepower and condenser duty for specific refrigerants164

Refrigerant replacements182

Ethylene/propylene cascaded system183

Steam jet type utilities requirements183

Ammonia absorption type utilities requirements186

12：Gas Treating187

Introduction188

Gas treating processes188

Reaction type gas treating190

Physical solvent gas treating191

Physical/chemical type191

Carbonate type192

Solution batch type192

Bed batch type193

13：Vacuum Systems194

Vacuum jets195

Typical jet systems196

Steam supply197

Measuring air leakage198

Time to evacuate198

Design recommendations199

Eiector specification sheet200

14：Pneumatic Conveying202

Tvpes of systems203

Differential pressures204

Equipment sizing204

15：Blending206

Single-stage mixers207

Multistage mixers207

Gas/liquid contacting208

Liquid/liquid mixing208

Liquid/solid mixing208

Mixer applications209

Shrouded blending nozzle210

Vapor formation rate for tank filling210

SECTION THREE Plant Design211

16：Process Evaluation212

Introduction213

Study definition213

Process definition215

Battery limits specifications222

Offsite specifications226

Capital investments230

Operating costs237

Economics240

Financing244

17：Reliability247

18：Metallurgy249

Embrittlement250

Stress-corrosion cracking256

Hydrogen attack257

Pitting corrosion259

Creep and creep-rupture life260

Metal dusting262

Naphthenic acid corrosion264

Fuel ash corrosion265

Thermal fatigue267

Abrasive wear269

Pipeline toughness270

Common corrosion mistakes271

19：Safety272

Estimating LEL and flash273

Tank blanketing273

Equipment purging275

Static charge from fluid flow276

Mixture flammability279

Relief manifolds282

Natural ventilation288

20：Controls289

Introduction290

Extra capacity for process control290

Controller limitations291

False economy292

Definitions of control modes292

Control mode comparisons292

Control mode vs application292

Pneumatic vs electronic controls293

Process chromatographs294

SECTION FOUR Operations295

21：Troubleshooting296

Introduction297

Fractionation:initial checklists297

Fractionation:Troubleshooting checklist299

Fractionation:operating problems301

Fractionation:mechanical problems307

Fractionation:Getting ready for troubleshooting311

Fractionation:"Normal"parameters312

Fluid flow313

Refrigeration316

Firetube heaters317

Safety relief valves318

Gas treating319

Compressors323

Measurement325

22：Startup326

Introduction327

Settings for controls327

Probable causes of trouble in controls328

Checklists330

23：Energy Conservation334

Target excess oxygen335

Stack heat loss336

Stack gas dew point336

Equivalent fuel values338

Heat recovery systems339

Process efficiency340

Steam traps341

Gas expanders343

Fractionation344

Insulating materials344

24：Process Modeling Using Linear Programming345

Process modeling using linear programming346

25：Properties351

Introduction352

Approximate physical properties352

Viscosity353

Relative humidity357

Surface tension358

Gas diffusion coefficients358

Water and hydrocarbons360

Natural gas hydrate temperature364

Inorganic gases in petroleum366

Foam density368

Equivalent diameter369

Autoignition temperature371

Gibbs free energy of formation376

New refrigerants386

26：Approximate Conversion Factors387

Approximate conversion factors388

Appendixes389

Appendix 1：Shortcut Equipment Design Methods—Overview390

Appendix 2：Geographic Information Systems392

Appendix 3：Internet Ideas394

Appendix 4：Process Safety Management397

Appendix 5：Do-It-Yourself Shortcut Methods399

Appendix 6：Overview for Engineering Students406

Appendix 7：Modern Management Initiatives409

Appendix 8：Process Specification Sheets410

Vessel data sheet411

Shell and tube exchanger data sheet412

Double pipe (G-fin)exchanger data sheet413

Air-cooled(fin-fan)exchanger data sheet414

Direct fired heater data sheet415

Centrifugal pump(horizontal or vertical) data sheet416

Pump(vertical turbine—can or propellor) data sheet417

Tank data sheet418

Cooling tower data sheet419

Index423