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Unit 1 Choosing a Topic1

1 Deciding on a topic2

2 Formulating a research question11

3 Writing a working title20

4 Enhancing your academic language21

Unit 2 Searching for Information39

1 Finding reliable and better sources40

2 Scanning and skimming42

3 Identifying topic sentences for information47

4 Guessing word meaning53

5 Using the organization of the text65

6 Reading critically70

7 Taking notes76

8 Writing a summary78

9 Enhancing your academic language84

Unit 3 Listening to Lectures109

1 Preparing for listening to a lecture110

2 Paying attention to the introduction111

3 Understanding the ideas through examples114

4 Following a lecture through signal words116

5 Memorizing the points by taking notes120

Unit 4 Writing a Literature Review125

1 Writing a literature review126

2 Writing a self-contained literature review142

3 Writing a literatu rereview as a part of an essay145

4 Citation147

5 Documentation152

6 Avoiding plagiarism153

7 Paraphrasing158

8 Enhancing your academic language170

Unit 5 Writing an Academic Essay185

1 Definition186

2 Two types of research paper202

3 Writing an introduction205

4 Writing the body of a secondary research essay212

5 Writing the body of a primary research essay222

6 Writing a discussion or/and conclusion229

7 Writing an abstract232

8 Writing a reference list236

9 Academic writing style238

10 Proofreading247

11 Enhancing your academic language253

Unit 6 Making an Oral Presentation273

1 Preparing your oral presentation274

2 Organizing the content274

3 Using proper language279

4 Delivering your presentation281

5 Using visual aids283

6 Dealing with Q and A285

7 Raising questions in class and in the lecture286

8 Participating in discussions287

Appendix 1:Vocabulary290

Appendix 2:A Student's Paper307