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Ⅰ INTRODUCTION3

1. General Introduction3

2. The General Framework for Obtaining Trade Marks13

Ⅱ EUROPEAN TRADE MARK LAW: HARMONIZATION AND UNIFICATION47

3. Legislative History47

4. The Trade Mark Directive73

5. The Community Trade Mark Regulation109

Ⅲ THE DIRECTIVE IN THE MEMBER STATES: IMPLEMENTATION AND INTERPRETATION165

6. Benelux: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg165

7. Germany185

8. France203

9. Italy215

10. United Kingdom223

11. Ireland239

12. Denmark245

13. Greece251

14. Portugal259

15. Spain261

16. Austria269

17. Finland281

18. Sweden287

19. The New Member States293

Ⅳ BAD FAITH REVEALED299

20. Towards a Uniform Approach for Bad Faith299

Bibliography343

Index357

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION1

1. General Introduction1

A. What this Book is About1

B. Approach and Structure2

C. Bad Faith in Other Areas of Intellectual Property Law4

(a) Misappropriation of other IP rights5

(b) Recovery of profits and damages8

(c) Domain names9

D. Summary12

2. The General Framework for Obtaining Trade Marks1

A. Obtaining Trade Marks1

(a) Two general systems2

(b) First-to-use system3

(c) First-to-file system7

(d) Parallel terminology19

(e) Cumulation22

(f) Territoriality23

(g) Consequences of a first-to-file-system28

B. Backgrounds and Developments30

(a) Free enterprise31

(b) Abolishing restrictions on trade mark registration and transfer32

C. Protective Measures33

(a) Cross-border trade mark registration34

(b) Legal protection38

D. Bad Faith50

(a) Positioning bad faith in the system for obtaining trade marks50

(b) Positioning bad faith in the system of trade mark protection53

E. Summary55

Ⅱ EUROPEAN TRADE MARK LAW: HARMONIZATION AND UNIFICATION1

3. Legislative History1

A. 1957-76: The Beginning1

B. 1977-86: Negotiating the Community Trade Mark Regulation3

(a) February 1978: raising the issue of bad faith: a Dutch first4

(b) February 1978: acquiescence and bad faith5

(c) May 1982: an Italian request to combat trade mark piracy6

(d) December 1982: a Danish proposal for bad faith7

(e) December 1982: rejecting the Benelux provision8

(f) October 1984: adopting the German proposal of bona fide intent-to-use9

C. 1986-8: Negotiating the Trade Mark Directive10

(a) July 1986: determining the level of harmonization12

(b) October 1986: a Dutch demand for a general provision against bad faith17

(c) December 1986: a Danish proposal concerning knowledge of foreign prior use18

(d) October 1987: the bad faith provisions find their way into the Directive19

(e) November 1987: French opposition to article 2A—4G20

(f) November 1987: bad faith instead of'knowing or ought to have known'22

(g) December 1988: the final text of articles 3--2D and 4—4G24

D. 1986-93: Finalizing the Community Trade Mark Regulation25

(a) May 1987: bad faith instead of bona fide intent-to-use27

(b) September 1987: French and Danish objections29

(c) October 1987: bad faith does not equal 'not in good faith'32

(d) 1988-93: the final text of article 51-1B33

E. Useful or Useless? The Relevance of Legislative History35

F. Evaluation40

G. Summary41

4. The Trade Mark Directive1

A. Aspects Common to Articles 3--2D and 4--4G1

(a) Aim and scope of harmonization2

(b) Form and result: refusal, opposition, or cancellation7

(c) Territoriality8

(d) Bad faith in the Directive: the absence of a definition and the presence of some preliminary clues11

(e) Bad faith and acquiescence24

(f) Bad faith and unauthorized registration by agents or representatives27

B. Interpreting Bad Faith28

(a) Approaches29

(b) Interpretation of bad faith: diverging views in previous dissertations34

(c) Interpretation of bad faith: towards a preliminary ruling by the ECJ41

C. Specifics of Article 4-4G47

(a) Stricter conditions for extra-territorial bad faith protection48

(b) Likelihood of confusion50

(c) Foreign trade mark use54

D. Summary56

5. The Community Trade Mark Regulation1

A. Introduction1

(a) General characteristics2

(b) Brief evaluation of the CTM system5

B. Article 52-1B CTMR: Invalidating a CTM on the Basis of Bad Faith7

(a) Procedural aspects8

(b) Territorial limitations14

(c) Bad faith in the Regulation: the absence of a definition and the presence of some preliminary clues19

(d) Bad faith and acquiescence31

(e) Bad faith and unauthorized registration by agents or representatives32

C. OHIM on Bad Faith35

(a) Diverging definitions36

(b) Various trends50

D. Diverging Views in the Member States: The CTM Courts and Literature on Article 52-1B65

(a) Three High Court decisions and one referral to the ECJ: Decon, The Colour of Elegance, and Goldhase66

(b) Early incidental references to bad faith by the Community courts: Nu- Tride and Henkd70

(c) Important trends in the Member States71

E. EU Enlargement and Bad Faith73

F. Summary76

Ⅲ THE DIRECTIVE IN THE MEMBER STATES: IMPLEMENTATION AND INTERPRETATION1

6. Benelux: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg1

A. Background1

B. Implementation of Article 3--2D TMD?3

C. The Benelux Provision: Article 2.4F4

D. Prior Use in the Benelux Countries (Article 2.4F-1)8

(a) Bad faith of the trade mark applicant9

(b) Prior use in good faith13

(c) Additional requirements on prior use19

E. Prior Use outside the Benelux Countries (Article 2.4F-2)21

(a) Bad faith of the trade mark applicant23

(b) Prior use in good faith25

(c) Additional requirements on prior use26

F. Other Examples of Bad Faith27

G. Procedural Aspects30

H. The (In)applicability of Unfair Competition Law31

I. Non-Compliance with the Directive?33

J. Summary35

7. Germany1

A. Implementation of Article 3-2D TMD1

B. Interpretation5

(a) The initial aim of the German legislator: autonomous interpretation and a new beginning5

(b) The approach by the German courts: old news7

(c) Knowledge of prior use alone insufficient for finding bad faith17

(d) Bad faith: subjective concept, objectified assessment20

(e) Other suggestions of bad faith23

(f) Cross-border trade mark grabbing25

C. Procedural Aspects26

D. Overlap28

E. Summary32

8. France1

A. No Implementation of Articles 3-2D or 4-4G TMD1

B. Reclaiming Fraudulent Trade Mark Applications on the basis of Article 712-6 CPI2

(a) 1964--91 : fraus omnia corrumpit3

(b) 1991-present: article 712-6 CPI4

C. Fraus Omnia Corrurnpit Revisited8

D. Cross-border Trade Mark Grabbing10

E. Non-compliance with the Directive?11

F. Summary14

9. Italy1

A. Implementation of Article 3-2D TMD1

B. Interpretation3

(a) Bad faith: abuse of title, violation of business ethics, and a residual concept3

(b) Bad faith as a subjective legal concept5

(c) Intent to harm or obstruct6

(d) Knowledge of prior use7

(e) Cross-border trade mark grabbing8

C. Procedural Aspects9

D. Summary10

10. United Kingdom1

A. Implementation of Article 3-29 TMD1

(a) Introducing s3(6) TMA1

(b) The laws explanatory notes2

B. Interpretation3

(a) Introduction3

(b) Gromax: dishonesty and other violations of standards of acceptable commercial behaviour6

(c) China White: getting rid of Robin Hood7

(d) Ajit Weekly and World Cup Willie. getting to grips with the combined test10

(e) Between knowledge and dishonesty12

(f) Lack of bona fide intent-to-use?18

(g) Celebrity trade mark grabbing22

(h) Broad or restrictive interpretation?23

(i) Other suggestions of bad faith24

(j) Cross-border trade mark grabbing26

C. Procedural Aspects31

D. Passing Off32

E. Summary33

11. Ireland1

A. Implementation of Article 3-2D TMD1

B. Interpretation2

(a) Relying on Gromax: dishonesty and other violations of standards of acceptable commercial behaviour2

(b) Knowledge of prior use3

(c) Lack of bona fide intent-to-use?4

(d) Cross-border trade mark grabbing5

C. Procedural Aspects7

D. Summary8

12. Denmark1

A. Implementation of Article 4-4G TMD1

B. Interpretation5

(a) Knowledge of prior use5

C. Non-compliance with the Directive?7

D. Summary9

13. Greece1

A. Implementation of Articles 3-2D and 4-4G TMD1

B. Bad Faith and Article 3-2B Nπ∑2

(a) A quick look at its predecessors2

(b) Interpretation3

C. Bad Faith and Article 4-3c Nπ∑6

(a) Differences from article 4-4G TMD7

(b) Interpretation8

D. Non-compliance with the Directive?9

E. Procedural Aspects12

F. Summary13

14. Portugal1

A. No Implementation of articles 3-2D or 4-4G TMD1

B. Summary2

15. Spain1

A. Implementation of Article 3-2D TMD1

B. Interpretation2

(a) Knowledge of prior use or earlier rights3

(b) Other suggestions of bad faith5

(c) Cross-border trade mark grabbing6

C. Procedural Aspects8

D. Overlap9

E. Summary12

16. Austria1

A. Implementation of Article 3--2D TMD1

B. Interpretation5

(a) Bad faith as a subjective legal concept6

(b) Intent to obstruct: Behinderungsabsicht8

(c) Knowledge of prior use10

(d) Other suggestions of bad faith15

(e) Cross-border trade mark grabbing16

C. Procedural Aspects19

D. Overlap21

E. Summary24

17. Finland1

A. No Explicit Implementation of Articles 3-2D or 4-4G TMD1

B. The Existing Provision: Article 14-(1)7 TMKL3

(a) General3

(b) Requirements4

(c) Knowledge of prior use9

(d) Non-compliance with the Directive?10

C. Summary12

18. Sweden1

A. No Explicit Implementation of Articles 3-2D or 4-4G TMD1

B. The Existing Provision: Article 14-(1 ) 7 svVML2

(a) General2

(b) Knowledge of prior use4

(c) Cross-border trade mark grabbing5

(d) Non-corapliance with the Directive?6

(e) The draft proposal of 2001 : Article 15-1 (2)7

C. Summary10

19. The New Member States1

A. Brief Overview on Implementation1

B. Brief Evaluation2

Ⅳ BAD FAITH REVEALED1

20. Towards a Uniform Approach for Bad Faith1

A. Introduction1

B. Big Opinions on Big Words3

(a) Oh academia: previous dissertations on bad faith4

(b) The oracle at the Kirchberg: the ECJ on Goldhase10

C. Interpreting Bad Faith: Goldhaseand beyond20

(a) Preliminary observations20

(b) The first factor: 'knowing of prior use'22

(c) The second factor: 'intention'44

(d) The third factor: 'the degree of legal protection'67

(e) Other general factors69

(f) Concluding observations on the Community concept of bad faith80

D. Implementing Bad Faith Legislation: Between Right and Wrong86

E. Back to Square One: Important Perceptions and Perspectives91

(a) Practical perspective93

(b) Conceptual perspective94

(c) Historical perspective95

(d) Systematic perspective96

(e) Territorial perspective98

F. Summary: Bad Faith in 60 Seconds99

Bibliography343

Index357