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Book Ⅰ INTRODUCTION TO LAW3

1. THE NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF LAW3

"Truisms" about Human Nature3

Social Order and Law4

The Normative Character of Law and Morality8

The Legitimacy of Law10

2. METHODS OF SOCIAL CONTROL THROUGH LAW13

The Penal Technique15

The Grievance-Remedial Technique20

The Private Arranging Technique23

The Constitutive Technique25

The Administrative-Regulatory Technique26

The Fiscal Technique27

The Conferral of Social Benefits Technique27

Combinations of Techniques29

The Legal Techniques and the Sources of Law29

3. CLASSIFICATIONS OF LAW31

Subject Classifications31

Law and Equity32

Civil and Criminal Law37

Public and Private Law39

Conclusion42

Book Ⅱ SOURCES OF LAW AND METHODS OF LEGAL REASONING47

4. LAW AND FACT47

The Brain-Damaged Baby&Whitehouse v. Jordan:47

Who Should Decide a Question—Layman or Judge?50

Who Should Decide a Question—Trial Court or Appeal Court?52

When Does a Decision on a Question Bind Future Courts?56

Conclusion57

5. FACT FINDING AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION59

The Adversary Method59

The Inquisitorial Method62

Merits of the Methods64

Non-Adjudicatory Methods66

6. DETERMINING THE LAW70

Sources of Law70

Legal Language72

Legal Reasoning and Logic74

Legal Reasoning and Justification76

The Limits of Legal Reasoning78

Conclusion79

7. CASE LAW81

Analogy, Rules and Precedent82

The Formulation and Application of Case Law Rules85

The Ratio Decidendi85

Obiter Dictum89

Finding the Ratio of Decisions in Appellate Courts91

Distinguishing Cases93

Stare Decisis and the Hierarchy of Courts96

A Comparison with the Position of Case Law in French and German Law103

Conclusion103

8. CASE LAW IN OPERATION108

The Categories of Negligently Caused Economic Loss108

The Case Law Development111

Conclusion119

Extracts from the Speech of Lord Roskill in Junior Books Ltd. v. Veitchi Co. Ltd. [1983] A.C. 520 at pp. 539 et seq.121

9. LEGISLATION128

An Outline of the Legislative Process128

Mechanics of Enactment129

Legislation and Language131

Clear and Problem Cases133

Interpretation of Legislation by the Courts134

Current Judicial Practice149

Reform Proposals150

10. LEGISLATION IN OPERATION155

The Scheme of the Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977155

The Problems156

Intentional Homelessness—A Wider Perspective162

Extracts from the Housing (Homeless Persons) Act 1977168

Code of Guidance to the 1977 Act170

11. CODES AND CODIFICATION173

Bentham and the History of Codification in England and Wales173

Choosing an Appropriate Model174

Interpretation and the Role of the Judge175

The Pros and Cons of Codification176

Codification in Operation—The Sale of Goods Act 1979178

12. DOCTRINE182

General Comparisons of Approach182

The Position of Doctrine in English Law182

The Status and Influence of Doctrine186

The Citation of Modern Writers187

13. THE EUROPEAN INFLUENCE192

The European Convention on Human Rights192

The European Economic Community (EEC)193

Institutional Framework194

Sources of Law194

The Role of the E.C.J.196

The Court and its Legal Method196

Book Ⅲ WIDER DIMENSIONS OF THE LAW AND LEGAL METHOD205

14. THE CHANGING LAW205

The Nature of Legal Change205

Policy Change and Legal Change206

Policy Change and Legal Method207

Law Reform and Legal Method209

Limitations of Judicial Law Reform209

Permanent Law Reform Agencies210

The Pattern of Legal Change211

Changing Tort Law211

Conclusion220

15. COMPARATIVE LEGAL CULTURES AND METHOD223

The Concept of Legal Culture223

Types of Legal Culture224

16. LAW, JUSTICE AND POLICY234

Questions of Value in the Law234

Standards of Good Legal Craftsmanship and Process235

Identifying Substantive Legal Values235

The Concept of Justice237

The Concept of Policy241

Justice, Policy and Practical Reasoning243

APPENDICES251

1. SPECIMEN SOURCES251

A Statute—The Education Act 1975251

A Statutory Instrument—The Boot and Floor Polish Wages Council (Great Britain) (Abolition) Order 1974255

An English Law Report—Regina v. Venna [1976] 1 O.B. 421257

A Common Market Law Report—Auditeur du Travail at the Tribunal de Mons v. Cagnon and Taquet (Case 69/74) [1975] 2 C.M.L.R. 68266

2. THE LAW LIBRARY, LEGAL MATERIALS AND THEIR USE274

United Kingdom and Ireland274

Primary Sources274

1. Statutes274

2. Delegated Legislation277

3. Law Reports277

The Year Books 1282-1537277

Named Reporters 1537-1865277

The English Reports Full Reprint278

Law Reports 1865 to date278

Other Series279

Scotland279

Ireland279

Authorised Abbreviations for Modern Law Reports280

Computer Retrieval of Primary Source Material285

Secondary Materials286

Encyclopedias of English Law286

Digests287

Textbooks288

The Scottish Institutional Writers288

Legal Dictionaries288

Periodicals289

Law Reform Materials289

Australia290

Primary Materials290

Secondary Materials290

Canada291

Primary Materials291

Secondary Materials291

New Zealand292

Primary Materials292

Secondary Materials292

The United States of America293

Primary Materials293

Secondary Materials294

France295

Germany295

European Economic Community295

Bibliography of Further Reading296

Name Index299

Subject Index301