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Chapter 1 The Impact of Human Uses on the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction1

A．Introduction1

B．The Physical Characteristics of the Open Ocean and Deep Seabed Environments2

1．Marine Biological Divisions of the Ocean3

2．Biogeographic Divisions of the Ocean5

3．Seafloor Topography6

C．Deep Sea Habitats7

1．Seamounts7

2．Hydrothermal Vents8

3．Cold Seeps and Pockmarks10

4．Deep Sea Trenches11

5．Deep Sea Coral Reefs13

D．Threats to the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction from Human Activities14

1．Threats Associated with Marine Living Resource Exploitation15

2．Threats Associated with Marine Transport17

3．Threats Associated with Deep Seabed Mining18

4．Threats Associated with Bioprospecting and Marine Scientific Research20

5．Threats Associated with Climate Change Mitigation Activities21

E．Conclusion25

Chapter 2 The Law of the Sea Convention Framework for Regulating Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction27

A．Introduction27

B．The High Seas Regime28

1．Invalidity of Sovereign Claims over the High Seas30

2．Freedoms of the High Seas31

3．Flag State Jurisdiction35

4．Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas39

C．The Seabed Beyond National Jurisdiction40

D．Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment47

1．General Provisions47

2．Global and Regional Cooperation in Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction50

3．Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring51

4．Prescriptive Jurisdiction over Pollution of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction52

5．Enforcement Jurisdiction over Pollution of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction55

E．Conclusion64

Chapter 3 Developing Complementary Principles for Regulating the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction67

A．Introduction67

B．Establishing a Framework for Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment68

1．Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment68

C．Integrated and Ecosystem Based Management of the Marine Environment74

1．World Conservation Strategy-IUCN/UNEP/WWF Report 198075

2．Our Common Future-Brundtland Report 198777

3．Caring for the Earth-A Strategy for Sustainable Living-IUCN/UNEP/WWF Report,199179

4．United Nations Conference on Environment and Development(UNCED),199280

5．Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD),199291

6．World Summit on Sustainable Development-Johannesburg 200295

D．Conclusion96

Chapter 4 Sectoral Implementation of Environmental Protection in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction-Marine Living Resource Exploitation and Maritime Transport99

A．Introduction99

B．The Exploitation of Marine Living Resources Beyond National Jurisdiction-Regulatory Framework for Environmental Protection100

1．1995 UN Fish Stocks Agreement102

2．FAO Code for Responsible Fisheries,1995108

3．FAO High Seas Compliance Agreement,1993111

4．Regional Fisheries Management Organizations112

5．Overall Assessment of RFMO Performance in relation to Protection of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction124

C．Maritime Transport Beyond National Jurisdiction-Environmental Regulation127

1．Vessel Source Pollution128

2．Invasive Aquatic Species in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction145

3．Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas148

4．The Effectiveness of the Maritime Transport Framework for Environmental Protection in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction154

Chapter 5 Sectoral Implementation of Environmental Protection in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction-Deep Seabed Mining157

A．Introduction157

B．ISA Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Nodules in the Area158

1．Polymetallic Nodule Environmental Guidelines and State Practice in Complying with Polymetallic Nodules Regulations162

C．Draft ISA Regulations for Prospecting and Exploration for Polymetallic Sulphides and Ferromanganese Cobalt Rich Crusts(PSFCRC Regulations)166

D．Conclusion170

Chapter 6 Regional Implementation of Environmental Protection in Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction173

A．Introduction173

B．UNEP Regional Seas Conventions and their Application to Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction175

1．Convention for the Protection of the Natural Resources and Environment of the South Pacific Region(Noumea Convention)177

2．Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Region of the Mediterranean(Barcelona Convention)181

3．Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region(Cartagena Convention)187

4．Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment and Coastal Areas of the South East Pacific(Lima Convention)190

C．Non UNEP Regional Marine Environmental Protection Regimes and their Application to Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction193

1．Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Northeast Atlantic(OSPAR Convention)193

2．Integrated Protection of the Antarctic Marine Environment199

D．Conclusion204

Chapter 7 International Initiatives to Strengthen the Environmental Protection Framework for Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction207

A．Introduction207

B．Current International Discussions on the Protection of the Marine Environment Beyond National Jurisdiction208

1．United Nations Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea(UNICPOLOS)209

2．BBNJ Working Group211

3．Convention on Biological Diversity Conference of the Parties(CBD COP)214

4．FAO Committee on Fisheries(COFI)215

5．IUCN High Seas Governance for the 21st Century Workshop215

C．Options for Strengthening the Environmental Protection Framework for Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction220

1．Soft Law Declaration of Oceans Governance Principles for Marine Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction221

2．Global Binding Instruments to Strengthen Environmental Protection Beyond National Jurisdiction221

3．Regional Agreements231

D．Conclusion233

Bibliography235

Index257