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1 Explosion Theory and Dynamics1

1.1 Introduction1

1.2 Scientific Method2

1.3 Explosives4

1.4 Types of Explosives4

1.5 Classification and Sensitivity of Explosives13

1.6 Explosive Performance16

1.7 Firing Trains16

1.8 Additional Characteristics of Explosives18

1.9 Accountability of Explosives and Explosives Detection23

1.10 Explosions25

1.10.1 Types of Explosions25

1.10.2 Explosion Effects29

1.11 Explosion Scene Investigation37

1.12 Summary38

Review Questions38

References and Additional Reading39

2 Identification and Recognition of Commercial,Improvised, and Military Explosives41

2.1 Introduction41

2.2 Short History of Explosives42

2.3 Low Explosives45

2.3.1 Black Powder45

2.3.2 Pyrodex47

2.3.3 Photoflash Powder48

2.3.4 Smokeless Powder49

2.4 Commercial High Explosives54

2.4.1 Primary Explosives54

2.4.1.1 Lead Azide54

2.4.1.2 Lead Styphnate55

2.4.1.3 Mercury Fulminate55

2.4.1.4 Diazodinitrophenol55

2.4.1.5 Tetrazene55

2.4.2 Secondary Explosives55

2.4.2.1 Ammonium Nitrate56

2.4.2.2 Ammonium Nitrate and Fuel Oil (ANFO)59

2.4.2.3 Nitroglycerin62

2.4.2.4 Dynamite63

2.5 Water-Based Products69

2.5.1 Water Gel or Slurry Explosives69

2.5.2 Emulsion Explosives71

2.5.2.1 Trinitrotoluene (TNT)74

2.5.2.2 PentaerythritolTetranitrate (PETN)74

2.5.2.3 Cyclotrimethylene Trinitramine (RDX)75

2.6 Boosters75

2.7 Binary Explosives78

2.8 Sheet Explosives80

2.9 Foreign Explosives80

2.10 United States Military Explosives82

2.10.1 Trinitrotoluene Charges (TNT)83

2.10.2 Composition 4 (C-4)83

2.10.3 Sheet Explosives84

2.10.4 Military Dynamite86

2.11 Improvised Explosives86

2.12 Initiation Systems and Components94

2.12.1 Initiators95

2.12.1.1 Safety and Hobby Fuse95

2.12.1.2 Fuse Lighter96

2.12.1.3 Detonating Cord97

2.12.1.4 Shock Tube100

2.12.1.5 Thermo Tube102

2.12.1.6 Detonator102

2.13 Chapter Summary113

Review Questions114

References and Additional Reading114

3 Improvised Explosive Device Components: Pre- and Post-Blast Identification117

3.1 Introduction117

3.2 Improvised Explosive Devices118

3.2.1 Factors Affecting Improvised Explosive Device Construction118

3.2.2 Basic Components of the Improvised Explosive Device120

3.2.3 Primary Effect Provided by Type of Improvised Explosive Devices120

3.2.4 Appearance of an Improvised Explosive Device123

3.2.5 Components of the Improvised Explosive Device127

3.2.5.1 Initiators128

3.2.5.2 Containers130

3.2.5.3 Electrical Components139

3.2.5.4 Timing Mechanisms152

3.2.5.5 Shrapnel156

3.2.5.6 Adhesives156

3.2.5.7 Tape157

3.2.5.8 Wood157

3.2.5.9 Paper157

3.2.5.10 Fasteners157

3.2.5.11 Nonelectrical Wire158

3.3 Fuzing Systems158

3.4 Investigative Process180

3.5 Chapter Summary183

Review Questions184

References and Additional Reading184

4 Investigation of the Explosion Scene and Collection of Evidence185

4.1 Introduction185

4.2 Investigative Outline186

4.2.1 InitialResponse187

4.2.2 Evaluation of the Explosion Scene195

4.2.2.1 Evaluation and Establishment of Scene Perimeters, Inner and Outer, and Scene Security196

4.2.2.2 Establishment of a Command Post Location for the Crime Scene Investigation Team196

4.2.2.3 Establishment of Documentation Procedures to Account for Personnel Entering and Exiting the Scene197

4.2.2.4 Establishment of Entry and Exit Paths for Crime Scene Investigation Team Members197

4.2.2.5 Establishment of Staging Areas for Team Members198

4.2.2.6 Safety (to the Extent Possible) for Entry by the Investigation Team198

4.2.2.7 Level of Investigative Assistance and Resources Required199

4.2.2.8 Whether a Search Warrant or Permission to Search Is Required199

4.2.2.9 What Documentation Procedures Will Be Utilized for Evidence Collection, Control, and Chain of Custody199

4.2.2.10 What Procedures Will Be Utilized to Prevent Scene Contamination199

4.2.2.11 Scene Walk-Through200

4.2.2.12 Attempt to Locate the Epicenter of the Explosion201

4.2.2.13 Personnel, Supplies, and Equipment Resources209

4.2.3 Entering the Scene (Scene Investigation)212

4.2.3.1 Entering the Scene214

4.2.4 Documentation of the Explosion Scene215

4.2.5 Where to Find Evidence at the Bomb Scene240

4.2.6 How to Find Evidence at the Bomb Scene243

4.2.7 How to Collect Evidence at the Bomb Scene253

4.2.7.1 Special Situations for Evidence Collection258

4.2.8 Final Survey259

4.2.9 Release of the Scene260

4.2.9.1 Submission of Evidence to the Laboratory261

4.2.10 Field (or Outside) Investigation263

4.2.10.1 Where to Start the Field Investigation264

4.2.10.2 Determining the Explosives Weight of the Improvised Explosive Device268

4.2.10.3 Post-Investigation: The Investigative Report274

4.3 Summary277

Review Questions278

References and Additional Reading278

5 Bomb Scene Investigator and Weapons of Mass Destruction281

5.1 Introduction281

5.2 Types of Weapons of Mass Destruction282

5.3 Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Materials285

5.3.1 Nuclear Materials285

5.3.2 Biological Materials290

5.3.2.1 BiologicalMicroorganisms Classifications291

5.3.3 Chemical Agents298

5.4 Weapons of Mass Destruction Hazards304

5.5 Determining the Presence of Weapons of Mass Destruction305

5.6 Weapons of Mass Destruction Protection Methods313

5.7 Key Issues for Investigating a Weapons of Mass Destruction Scene316

5.7.1 Preincident Planning316

5.7.2 Determining Whether a WMD Was Used317

5.7.3 Assessing Scene Control and Security317

5.7.4 Ensuring That Appropriate Protection Methods Are Employed318

5.7.5 Addressing Immediate Life Safety Hazards318

5.7.6 Contacting Appropriate Outside Agencies for Assistance318

5.7.7 Identifying and Preserving Evidence320

5.8 Summary320

Review Questions321

References and Additional Reading321

6 Introduction to the Identification of Military Ordnance323

6.1 Introduction323

6.2 Definitions325

6.3 Physical Characteristics of Military Ordnance326

6.4 Identification Features of Military Ordnance329

6.4.1 Dropped Ordnance330

6.4.2 Projected Ordnance336

6.4.3 Thrown Ordnance349

6.4.4 Placed Ordnance356

6.5 Chapter Summary360

Review Questions361

References and Additional Reading361

7 Capabilities of the Forensic Laboratory: Reading the Bomber's Signature363

7.1 Introduction363

7.2 Laboratory Capabilities in the Examination of Improvised Explosive Devices369

7.2.1 Device Reconstruction369

7.2.2 Explosive Residue Analysis371

7.2.3 Latent Fingerprint Examinations372

7.2.4 Materials Analysis372

7.2.5 Document Examinations373

7.2.6 Toolmark Examinations374

7.2.7 Metallurgical Examinations374

7.2.8 DNA Analysis375

7.3 Reading the Bomber's Signature377

7.3.1 Introduction377

7.4 Chapter Review380

Review Questions381

References and Additional Reading381

8 Tactical Post-Blast Investigation383

8.1 Introduction383

8.2 Tactical Scene Investigative Outline384

8.3 Organization of the Investigative Team:Personnel and Equipment384

8.4 Route Security and Access to the Scene386

8.5 Scene Assessment388

8.6 Scene Investigation: Documentation,Collection of Evidence, and Witness Interviews394

8.7 Final Survey412

8.8 Return to the Secure Zone412

8.9 Summary412

Review Questions413

References and Additional Reading413

Appendix A: Chart of Explosive Products415

Appendix B: United States and Foreign Names of Explosives,Part Ⅰ and Part Ⅱ421

Appendix C: Access Control Log431

Appendix D: Guidelines for the Prevention of Contamination of Explosives Evidence433

Appendix E: Personnel Resources for the Bomb Scene Investigation435

Appendix F: Supplies and Equipment for the Bomb Scene Investigation437

Appendix G: Administrative Worksheet441

Appendix H: Narrative Description445

Appendix I: Evidence Recovery Log449

Appendix J: Latent Print Lift Log453

Appendix K: Photographic Log455

Appendix L: Diagram/Sketch457

Appendix M: Explosive Residue Swab Kit Instructions459

Appendix N: Standard Military Ordnance Color Coding System465

Appendix O: Bomb Threat Stand-Off Distances467

Glossary469

Index485