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section 1 THE STUDY OF CRIME1

1 Definition of Crime, Criminals, and Criminology1

Objectives1

Definition of Crime3

Definition of the Criminal7

Definition of Criminology8

Summary8

Suggested Activities9

Review9

References10

2 Significance of the Crime Problem13

Objectives13

Nature of Crime13

Cost of Crime16

Crime as a Social and Public Policy Issue17

Crime and the Media18

Summary19

Suggested Activities20

Review20

References21

3 Scope of the Study23

Objectives23

Criminal Etiology24

Development and Application of Law26

Social Control of Crime29

Crime Control Agencies30

Criminology Today and Criminal Justice31

Summary32

Suggested Activities32

Review33

References34

section 2 CRIME STATISTICS34

4 Sources and Criticisms of Existing Crime Statistics35

Objectives35

Sources of Data35

Weaknesses of Crime Statistics38

An Overview of Crime Statistics40

Summary45

Suggested Activities46

Review46

References47

5 Crime and Population Characteristics49

Objectives49

Crime and Residence49

Crime and Age52

Crime and Sex56

Crime and Race58

Crime and Social Class59

Summary61

Suggested Activities62

Review62

References63

section 3 THEORIES OF CRIME63

6 The Classical School65

Objectives65

The Devil, Crime, and the Law66

The Enlightenment Philosophers66

The Classical School of Criminology68

The Neoclassical School of Criminology71

Summary71

Suggested Activities72

Review73

References74

7 Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime75

Objectives75

The Positivist School of Criminology76

Biological Theories of Crime78

Psychological Theories of Crime81

Summary85

Suggested Activities86

Review86

References87

8 Sociological Theories89

Objectives89

Crime, Society, and the Environment90

Crime, Society, and Interactional Forces92

Crime, Society, and Internal Restraints95

Summary97

Suggested Activities98

Review99

References100

9 Political Explanations101

Objectives101

Crime, Economics, and Class Conflict102

Crime and Political Conflict103

Summary106

Suggested Activities107

Review107

References108

section 4 TYPES OF CRIME108

10 Violent Crime109

Objectives109

Homicide109

Assault113

Rape115

Robbery117

Summary118

Suggested Activities119

Review119

References120

11 Property Crime123

Objectives123

Burglary123

Larceny125

Motor Vehicle Theft127

Arson128

Summary128

Suggested Activities129

Review130

References131

12 Victimless Crime133

Objectives133

Gambling134

Voluntary Sexual Practices135

Drug Usage138

The Pros and Cons of Victimless Crime143

Summary144

Suggested Activities144

Review144

References146

13 Organized Crime149

Objectives149

Definition of Organized Crime, 149.The Nature of Organized Crime152

Summary157

Suggested Activities158

Review159

References.160

14 Occupational and Career-Oriented Crime163

Objectives163

Occupational Crimes163

Career-Oriented Crimes168

Summary171

Suggested Activities172

Review172

References.173

15 Political Crime175

Objectives175

Attacks against Government176

Crimes by the Government, 178.Summary, 180.Suggested Activities, 180.Review, 181.References, 181.section 5 TYPES OF CRIMINALS176

16 Violent Criminals183

Objectives, 183.Murderers and Assaulters, 183.Rapists, 185.Types of Robbers, 186.The Victim's Role in Violent Crime, 188.Summary, 189.Suggested Activities, 190.Review, 190.References, 191.183

17 Property Offenders193

Objectives193

Burglars193

Larcenists196

Auto Thieves197

Summary198

Suggested Activities199

Review200

References201

18 Offenders of Public Morality203

Objectives203

Sex Offenders203

Substance Abusers207

Summary210

Suggested Activities210

Review211

References, 212211

19 Career and Occupational Criminals215

Objectives215

Crime as a Central Activity: Career Criminals215

Crime as a Spin-off of Legitimate Business or Professions: Occupational Criminals218

Politicians for Profit221

Summary222

Suggested Activities222

Review223

References224

section 6 THE CRIMINAL LAW224

20 Nature and Purpose of Law225

Objectives225

The Meaning and Purpose of Law225

The Elements of Law226

Natural and Positive Law228

Statute and Case Law229

Government Constitutions229

The Bill of Rights230

Legislative Functions within the United States230

Substantive and Procedural Law231

The Enforcement of Law231

Summary231

Suggested Activities232

Review233

References234

21 Origins and Features of Criminal Law235

Objectives235

The Emergence of Criminal Law236

Major Features of Criminal Law238

The Distinction between Criminal and Civil Law238

Crimes Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita239

Felonies and Misdemeanors239

Summary240

Suggested Activities240

Review241

References242

22 Law and Social Control243

Objectives243

Social Control243

Law and Morality244

Use of Criminal Law as a Mechanism of Social Control246

Sex, Alcohol, and Drugs247

Use of Civil Law as a Mechanism of Social Control251

Summary252

Suggested Activities253

Review253

References254

23 Law and Interest Groups257

Objectives257

Interest Groups258

Direct and Indirect Interests258

Alcohol and Drugs259

Interest Groups and the Enforcement of Laws262

Summary262

Suggested Activities263

Review263

References264

24 Criminal Responsibility267

Objectives267

Actus Reus and Mens Rea268

Lack of Criminal Capacity269

Lack of Criminal Culpability273

Summary275

Suggested Activities275

Review276

References277

25 History of the Police279

Objectives279

Public Versus Private Law Enforcement280

The Development of Public Law Enforcement280

Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement Agencies284

Summary286

Suggested Activities287

Review287

References288

26 Role of the Police289

Objectives289

The Diversity of Police Agencies289

Law Enforcement, Order Maintenance, and Service Functions290

The Police and the Community294

Summary295

Suggested Activities296

Review296

References297

27 Police Professionalism299

Objectives299

Professionalism299

Minimum Entrance Requirements301

Training, 302 Police Chiefs303

Police Organizations304

Police Accountability305

Summary306

Suggested Activities306

Review306

References307

28 The Police and Suspects309

Objectives309

Packer's Crime Control and Due Process Models of the Criminal Process310

The United States Constitution311

Consent and the Police Process311

Arrest and Search and Seizure312

Stop and Frisk and Other Limited Intrusions313

Confessions and other Incriminating Statements313

Right to Counsel314

The Exclusion of Illegally Obtained Evidence314

Summary315

Suggested Activities316

Review316

References317

section 8 THE COURTS317

29 The Criminal Courts319

Objectives319

The Courts320

Civil and Criminal Courts320

Federal and State Courts321

The Federal Criminal Courts322

The State Criminal Courts323

Summary324

Suggested Activities325

Review325

References326

30 Judges and Lawyers329

Objectives329

The Judges329

Public Prosecutors333

Defense Attorneys335

Summary337

Suggested Activities337

Review338

References339

31 Initial Stages of the Court Process341

Objectives341

The Criminal Court Process341

Bail or Jail?344

Summary347

Suggested Activities347

Review348

References349

32 Case Resolution351

Objectives351

Plea Bargaining352

The Trial Process354

Summary357

Suggested Activities358

Review359

References360

section 9 CORRECTIONS360

33 Sentencing the Convicted Offender361

Objectives361

Retribution,Rehabilitation,Incapacitation,and Deterrence362

The Sentencing Structure364

The Death Penalty365

The Sentencing Process368

Sentencing Disparity369

Summary371

Suggested Activities372

Review372

References374

34 Noninstitutional Corrections377

Objectives377

Fines378

Restitution378

Community Service Orders379

Probation380

Summary384

Suggested Activities385

Review385

References387

35 Institutional Corrections389

Objectives389

History of Imprisonment in the United States390

Modern Penal Institutions391

The Prison Population393

Prison Programs393

Prison Conditions396

Prison Discipline397

Prison Subculture398

Summary399

Suggested Activities400

Review400

References401

36 Reintegrating the Offender403

Objectives403

Reintegration404

Furloughs and Work and Study Release405

Parole406

Halfway Houses410

Measuring Success411

Summary413

Suggested Activities415

Review415

References417

section 10 CONTROLLING CRIME417

37 Controlling Crime: Outlook for the Future419

Objectives419

Social Programs420

Decriminalization420

The Police Role in Crime Prevention421

Private Security422

Security Measures423

Problem Resolution425

Summary427

Suggested Activities427

Review428

References429

Index431