音系学通解 英文版PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

音系学通解 英文版PDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

1 The production of speech1

1．1 Introduction1

1．2 The lungs and the larynx2

1．2．1 The vocal cords：the open and vibrating glottis3

1．2．2 Devoicing and aspiration4

1．2．3 Special types of phonation4

1．2．4 Pitch5

1．3 The vocal tract6

1．2．5 The glottal stop6

1．3．1 The pharynx7

1．4 Vowels8

1．3．3 The mouth8

1．3．2 The nasal cavity8

1．5 Constrictions10

1．5．1 Places of articulation10

1．5．2 Types of constriction11

1．6 Segmental duration13

Preface by Halliday13

王宗炎序14

1．7 Complex consonants15

1．7．2 Double articulations15

1．7．1 Secondary articulations15

1．7．3 Manner-contour consonants16

1．8 Nonpulmonic consonants16

Preface by Chomsky17

1．9 Stress17

1．10 Conclusion17

2 Some typology：sameness and difference19

2．1 Introduction19

2．2 Morphosyntactic structure19

2．2．1 Morphological structure19

2．2．2 Syntactic structure20

2．3 A world without phonological structure22

沈家煊序24

2．3．1 One phonology for all languages?24

2．3．2 Two kinds of structure25

2．4 There s a difference27

Prefacep27

2．5 Universals and implicational relations29

2．5．1 Plain or special?31

2．5．2 Avoiding complexity32

2．5．3 A word of caution33

2．5．4 System gaps33

2．6 The aims of phonology35

2．7 Conclusion36

3 Making the form fit38

3．1 Introduction38

3．2 Hawaiian39

3．3．1 The process of nativization40

3．3 Adjustment processes40

3．3．2 Adjustments in the native vocabulary44

导读45

3．4 Two approaches45

3．4．1 Rules45

3．4．2 Constraints46

3．5 Choosing between rules and constraints50

3．5．1 Gradient violation and unranked constraints52

3．6 Conclusion53

4 Underlying and surface representations54

4．1 Introduction54

4．2 Allophonic variation54

4．3 Two levels of representation57

4．4 Neutralization60

4．5 Choosing the underlying form61

4．6 Conclusion62

5 Distinctive features64

5．1 Introduction64

5．2 Motivating distinctive features64

5．3 Feature values66

5．4 A set of distinctive features67

5．4．1 Major-class features67

5．4．2 Laryngeal features70

5．4．3 Manner features71

5．4．4 Ambiguity and nonspecification72

5．5 Place features74

5．6 Some examples77

5．7 Redundant vs．contrastive features80

5．8 Conclusion84

6 Ordered rules86

6．1 Introduction86

6．2 SPE representations86

6．3 SPE rules88

6．3．1 Reference to the syllable89

6．3．2 The brace89

6．3．3 Variable feature values90

6．3．4 Parentheses91

6．3．5 The transformational rule format91

6．4 Linear order92

6．5 Extrinsic and intrinsic ordering95

6．6 Feeding，counterfeeding，bleeding，counterbleeding97

6．6．1 Feeding order98

6．6．2 Counterfeeding order98

6．6．3 Bleeding order99

6．6．4 Counterbleeding order99

6．7 Conclusion102

7 A case study：the diminutive suffix in Dutch104

7．1 Introduction104

7．2 General Dutch rules104

7．2．1 Final devoicing104

7．2．2 Palatalization105

7．3 Standard Dutch106

7．2．3 Degemination106

7．4 The dialect of Sittard109

7．5 Conclusion114

8 Levels of representation116

8．1 Introduction116

8．2 Defining an intermediate level of representation116

8．3 Lexical Phonology119

8．3．1 Reference to morphological labels120

8．3．2 Exceptions120

8．3．3 Structure preservation121

8．3．4 Native-speaker intuitions122

8．3．5 Application across word boundaries122

8．4 Phonological information in the lexicon123

8．3．6 Lexical rules apply before postlexical rules123

8．5 Controversial properties of lexical rules126

8．6 Beyond the surface representation128

8．6．1 Phonetic implementation128

8．6．2 Models of implementation129

8．6．3 Deciding between phonology and phonetic implementationp131

8．7 Conclusion133

9 Representing tone135

9．1 Introduction135

9．2 The inadequacy of a linear model136

9．3 Word-based tone patterns137

9．3．1 Language-specific associations139

9．4 Stability141

9．5 Postlexical tone142

9．6 The Obligatory Contour Principle142

9．6．1 Violating the OCP144

9．7 Conclusion147

10 Between the Segment and the Syllable149

10．1 Introduction149

10．2 A skeletal tier150

10．3 Syllabification：the Maximum Onset Principle151

10．3．1 The sonority profile152

10．4 Arguments for the CV tier153

10．4．1 The templatic use of the CV tier153

10．4．2 Unfilled and unassociated slots156

10．4．3 Compensatory lengthening158

10．5 Moras160

10．6 Syllable-based generalizations165

10．7 Post-MOP syllabification rules166

10．7．1 Ambisyllabicity in English167

10．8 Conclusion171

11 Feature geometry172

11．1 Introduction172

11．2 Two Properties of assimilations172

11．3 Natural feature classes174

11．4 Building a tree175

11．4．1 The place node175

11．4．2 The laryngeal node176

11．4．3 The supralaryngeal node178

11．5 Spreading and delinking180

11．5．1 Writing rules181

11．6 Implications of underspecification183

11．6．1 Default rules183

11．7 Conclusion186

12 Exploiting the feature tree187

12．1 Introduction187

12．2 Long-distance assimilation187

12．2．1 Vowel harmony191

12．3 Complex segments194

12．3．1 Evidence for complex segments197

12．3．2 The representation of palatals and palatoalveolars199

12．3．3 Distinguishing among palatoalveolars202

12．4 Conclusion204

13 Stress and feet206

13．1 Introduction206

13．2 The phonological nature of stress206

13．2．1 Metrical feet and feet in poetry207

13．3 Stress as an absolute property of segments：linear phonology209

13．4 Stress as relative prominence：nonlinear phonology212

13．4．1 A parametric theory of relative prominence212

13．4．2 Four types of bounded stress system214

13．5 Conclusion220

14．1 Introduction221

14．2 Iambic and trochaic rhythm221

14 Further constraining stress221

14．3 Foot-based rules227

14．3．1 Quantitative adjustments227

14．3．2 Foot-based segmental rules228

14．4 Stress and morphology231

14．5 Stress and Optimality Theory233

14．5．1 Constraining stress234

14．6 Conclusion238

15 Phonology above the word239

15．1 Introduction239

15．2 The case for prosodic constituency239

15．2．2 The intonational phrase243

15．2．1 The phonological utterance243

15．2．3 The phonological phrase245

15．2．4 The phonological word247

15．3 Deriving prosodic constituents249

15．3．1 Clitics250

15．3．2 The syntactic residue252

15．4 Prosodic constituency below the phonological word254

15．5 Conclusion255

Epilogue256

Key to questions258

References265

Language index277

Subject index283

文库索引287