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Part Ⅰ Understanding Culture1

1．Definitions of Culture1

2．Characteristics of Culture2

3．Basic Functions of Culture7

Part Ⅱ Paradox of Culture9

1．Time and Space Systems10

2．Consistency of life17

3．High Low Contexts20

4．Situational Frames in Culture24

5．Covert Culture and Action Chains25

6．Culture and Education29

7．Culture as an Irrational Force32

8．Culture as Identification37

Part Ⅲ American Cultural Patterns41

1．Cross-Cultural Problems42

1) Aspects of Cross-cultural Interactions42

2) Assumptions and Values44

2．Cultural Patterns of Perception and Thinking46

1) Sensation，Perception and Patterns of Thinking47

2) The American Model of Perception and Thinking48

3) The American View of Facts and Pragmatism51

4) Negative Reasoning and Implied Agent in American Tinking53

3．Mode of Activity54

1) Orientation to Action55

2) Doing Not Being58

3) Orientation Toward Time59

4) Individual Achievement61

4．Form of Social Relations62

1) Equality62

2) Obligation64

3) Directness and Informality65

4) Friendship and popularity66

5) Cooperation and Competition68

5. Perception of the World and the Self69

1) Human Relationship to Nature70

2) Materialism and Progress71

3) Dimensions of the Self76

4) Individualism and Self-Reliance78

5) Cultural Change81

6. Aspects of Intercultural Communication85

1) Emotion in Communication86

2) Style of Communication and Public Behavior87

3) Implications of American Ethnocentrism94

Part Ⅳ Theme-based Topics on American Culture98

1. Basic American Values and Assumptions98

1) Individual Freedom and Self-Reliance99

2) Equality of Opportunity and Competition101

3) Material Wealth and Hard Work103

4) Goodness of Humanity and Improvement104

5) Time and Efficiency105

6) Assertiveness106

1) The Frontier Heritage107

2. The Impact of Historical Heritages on America107

2) The Heritage of Abundance111

3) The Protestant Heritage113

3. Wilderness and the American Mind116

1) Old World Roots of Opinion116

2) A Wilderness Condition120

3) The American Wilderness124

4) Preserve the Wilderness and Wilderness Preserved125

5) The Wilderness Cult129

6) A Philosophy of Wilderness130

7) A Future for Wilderness135

4. Strong Religious Influence137

1) General Introduction of Religious Situation137

2) Do Americans Believe in God?138

3) Different Religions and Regional Differences139

4) Christianity in the United States141

5) Religion and Individual Americans142

5. Political Systems and Presidential Election143

1) The Constitution and Federalism143

2) American Government and Political Parties144

3) The Voting System and Presidential Elections149

6. The Free Enterprise Economy159

1) The Free Enterprise System159

2) Economic Changes over Time160

3) The Situation Today160

4) Views Toward Management and Standard Negotiation Practices162

5) Domestic Business Context163

7. American Education166

1) An Overview of the Ideals that Guide American Educational System168

2) The Impact of New England Puritanism and Development in Education170

3) The Educational Ladder173

4) The Burdened Responsibilities of Public Schools176

5) The Money Value of Education and Social Forces178

6) Multicultural Education in the United States179

8. Assimilation of Various Ethnic Groups186

9. Social Security and It s Future192

1) The Philosophy of Social Security193

2) Medicare195

3) The Future of Social Security196

5) The Budget Surplus198

4) The Problems198

10. American Social Life199

1) Social Relations199

2) Family Life202

3) Recreational Life206

4) Transportation209

5) Environment and Conservation212

11. Social Problems215

1) Crimes in the United States215

2) Child Abuse217

3) Homelessness221

Bibliography223