费恩曼物理学讲义 第1卷PDF|Epub|txt|kindle电子书版本网盘下载

费恩曼物理学讲义 第1卷PDF格式电子书版下载

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CHAPTER 1. ATOMS IN MOTION1

1-1 Introduction1

1-2 Matter is made of atoms2

1-3 Atomic processes5

1-4 Chemical reactions6

CHAPTER 2. BASIC PHYSICS11

2-1 Introduction11

2-2 Physics before 192013

2-3 Quantum physics16

2-4 Nuclei and particles18

CHAPTER 3. THE RELATION OF PHYSICS TO OTHER SCIENCES23

3-1 Introduction23

3-2 Chemistry23

3-3 Biology24

3-4 Astronomy28

3-5 Geology29

3-6 Psychology30

3-7 How did it get that way?31

CHAPTER 4. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY33

4-1 What is energy?33

4-2 Gravitational potential energy34

4-3 Kinetic energy37

4-4 Other forms of energy38

CHAPTER 5. TIME AND DISTANCE41

5-1 Motion41

5-2 Time41

5-3 Short times42

5-4 Long times43

5-5 Units and standards of time45

5-6 Large distances45

5-7 Short distances48

CHAPTER 6. PROBABILITY51

6-1 Chance and likelihood51

6-2 Fluctuations53

6-3 The random walk55

6-4 A probability distribution57

6-5 The uncertainty principle60

CHAPTER 7. THE THEORY OF GRAVITATION63

7-1 Planetary motions63

7-2 Kepler's laws63

7-3 Development of dynamics64

7-4 Newton's law of gravitation65

7-5 Universal gravitation67

7-6 Cavendish's experiment71

7-7 What is gravity?71

7-8 Gravity and relativity73

CHAPTER 8. MOTION75

8-1 Description of motion75

8-2 Speed76

8-3 Speed as a derivative79

8-4 Distance as an integral81

8-5 Acceleration82

CHAPTER 9. NEWTON'S LAWS OF DYNAMIcs85

9-1 Momentum and force85

9-2 Speed and velocity86

9-3 Components of velocity, acceleration, and force87

9-4 What is the force?87

9-5 Meaning of the dynamical equations88

9-6 Nurerical solution of the equations89

9-7 Planetary motions90

CHAPTER 10. CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM95

10-1 Newton's Third Law95

10-2 Conservation of momentum96

10-3 Momentum is conserved!99

10-4 Momentum and energy101

10-5 Relativistic momentum102

CHAPTER 11. VECTORS105

11-1 Symmetry in physics105

11-2 Translations105

11-3 Rotations107

11-4 Vectors109

11-5 Vector algebra110

11-6 Newton's laws in vector notation111

11-7 Scalar product of vectors112

CHAPTER 12. CHARACTERISTICS OF FORCE115

12-1 What is a force?115

12-2 Friction117

12-3 Molecular forces120

12-4 Fundamental forces. Fields121

12-5 Pseudo forces124

12-6 Nuclear forces126

CHAPTER 13. WORK AND POTENTIAL ENERGY （A）127

13-1 Energy of a falling body127

13-2 Work done by gravity129

13-3 Summation of energy132

13-4 Gravitational field of large objects134

CHAPTER 14. WORK AND POTENTIAL ENERGY （conclusion）137

14-1 Work137

14-2 Constrained motion139

14-3 Conservative forces139

14-4 Nonconservative forces142

14-5 Potentials and fields143

CHAPTER 15. THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY147

15-1 The principle of relativity147

15-2 The Lorentz transformation149

15-3 The Michelson-Morley experiment149

15-4 Transformation of time151

15-5 The Lorentz contraction153

15-6 Simultaneity153

15-7 Four-vectors154

15-8 Relativistic dynamics155

15-9 Equivalence of mass and energy156

CHAPTER 16. RELATIVISRIC ENERGY AND MOMENTUM159

16-1 Relativity and the philosophers159

16-2 The twin paradox161

16-3 Transformation of velocities162

16-4 Relativistic mass164

16-5 Relativistic energy166

CHAPTER 17. SPACE-TIME169

17-1 The geometry of space-time169

17-2 Space-time intervals170

17-3 Past, present, and future172

17-4 More about four-vectors173

17-5 Four-vector algebra175

CHAPTER 18. ROTATION IN TWO DIMENSIONS177

18-1 The center of mass177

18-2 Rotation of a rigid body178

18-3 Angular momentum181

18-4 Conservation of angular momentum182

CHAPTER 19. CENTER OF MASS; MOMENT OF INERTIA185

19-1 Properties of the center of mass185

19-2 Locating the center of mass188

19-3 Finding the moment of inertia189

19-4 Rotational kinetic energy191

CHAPTER 20. ROTATION IN SPACE195

20-1 Torques in three dimnensions195

20-2 The rotation equations using cross products198

20-3 The gyroscope199

20-4 Angular momentum of a solid body202

CHAPTER 21. THE HARMONIC OSCILLATOR203

21-1 Linear differential equations203

21-2 The harmonic oscillator203

21-3 Harmonic motion and circular motion206

21-4 Initial conditions206

21-5 Forced oscillations207

CHAPTER 22. ALGEBRA209

22-1 Addition and multiplication209

22-2 The inverse operations210

22-3 Abstraction and generalization211

22-4 Approximating irrational numbers212

22-5 Complex numbers215

22-6 Imaginary exponents217

CHAPTER 23. RESONANCE219

23-1 Complex numbers and harmonic motion219

23-2 The forced oscillator with damping221

23-3 Electrical resonance223

23-4 Resonance in nature225

CHAPTER 24. TRANSIENTS229

24-1 The energy of an oscillator229

24-2 Damped oscillations230

24-3 Electrical transients233

CHAPTER 25. LINEAR SYSTEMS AND REVIEW235

25-1 Linear differential equations235

25-2 Superposition of solutions236

25-3 Oscillations in linear systems239

25-4 Analogs in physics240

25-5 Series and parallel impedances242

CHAPTER 26. OPTICS: THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST TIME245

26-1 Light245

26-2 Reflection and refraction246

26-3 Fermat's principle of least time247

26-4 Applications of Fermat's princlple249

26-5 A more precise statement of Fermat's principle251

26-6 How it works252

CHAPTER 27. GEOMETRICAL OPTICS253

27-1 Introduction253

27-2 The focal length of a spherical surface253

27-3 The focal length of a lens256

27-4 Magnification257

27-5 Compound lenses258

27-6 Aberrations259

27-7 Resolving power259

CHAPTER 28. ELECIROMAGNETIC RADIATION261

28-1 Electromagnetism261

28-2 Radiation263

28-3 The dipole radiator265

28-4 Interference266

CHAPTER 29. INN ERFERENCE267

29-1 Electromagnetic waves267

29-2 Energy of radiation268

29-3 Sinusoidal waves268

29-4 Two dipole radiators269

29-5 The mathematics of interference271

CHAPTER 30. DIFFRACTION275

30-1 The resultant amplitude due to n equal oscillators 30-1275

30-2 The diffraction grating277

30-3 Resolving power of a grating279

30-4 The parabolic antenna280

30-5 Colored films; crystals281

30-6 Diffraction by opaque screens282

30-7 The field of a plane of oscillating charges284

CHAPTER 31. THE ORIGIN OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX287

31-1 The index of refraction287

31-2 The field due to the material290

31-3 Dispersion292

31-4 Absorption294

31-5 The energy carried by an electric wave295

31-6 Diffraction of light by a screen296

CHAPTER 32. RADIATION DAMPING. LIGHT SCATTERING299

32-1 Radiation resistance299

32-2 The rate of radiation of energy300

32-3 Radiation damping301

32-4 Independent sources303

32-5 Scattering of light304

CHAPTER 33. POLARIZATION309

33-1 The electric vector of light309

33-2 Polarization of scattered light311

33-3 Birefringence311

33-4 Polarizers313

33-5 Optical activity314

33-6 The intensity of reflected light315

33-7 Anomalous refraction317

CHAPTER 34. RELATIVIsTIC EFFECTS IN RADIATION319

34-1 Moving sources319

34-2 Finding the “apparent” motion320

34-3 Synchrotron radiation321

34-4 Cosmic synchrotron radiation324

34-5 Bremsstrahlung324

34-6 The Doppler effect325

34-7 The ω, k four-vector327

34-8 Aberration328

34-9 The momentum of light328

CHAPTER 35. COLOR VISION331

35-1 The human eye331

35-2 Color depends on intensity332

35-3 Measuring the color sensation333

35-4 The chromaticity diagram336

35-5 The mechanism of color vision337

35-6 Physiochemistry of color vision339

CHAPTER 36. MECHANISMS OF SEEING341

36-1 The sensation of color341

36-2 The physiology of the eye343

36-3 The rod cells346

36-4 The compound （insect） eye346

36-5 Other eyes349

36-6 Neurology of vision349

CHAPTER 37. QUANTUM BEHAVIOR353

37-1 Atomic mechanics353

37-2 An experiment with bullets354

37-3 An experiment with waves355

37-4 An experiment with electrons356

37-5 The interference of electron waves357

37-6 Watching the electrons359

37-7 First principles of quantum mechanics362

37-8 The uncertainty principle363

CHAPTER 38. THE RELATION OF WAVE AND PARTICLE VIEWPOINTS365

38-1 Probability wave amplitudes365

38-2 Measurement of position and momentum366

38-3 Crystal diffraction368

38-4 The size of an atom369

38-5 Energy levels371

38-6 Philosophical implications372

CHAPTER 39. THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES375

39-1 Properties of matter375

39-2 The pressure of a gas376

39-3 Compressibility of radiation380

39-4 Temperature and kinetic energy380

39-5 The ideal gas law384

CHAPTER 40. THE PRINCIPLES OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS387

40-1 The exponential atmosphere387

40-2 The Boltzmann law388

40-3 Evaporation of a liquid389

40-4 The distribution of molecular speeds390

40-5 The specific heats of gases393

40-6 The failure of classical physics394

CHAPTER 41. THE BROWNIAN MOVEMENT397

41-1 Equipartition of energy397

41-2 Thermal equilibrium of radiation399

41-3 Equipartition and the quantum oscillator402

41-4 The random walk404

CHAPTER 42. APPLICATIONS OF KINETIC THEORY407

42-1 Evaporation407

42-2 Thermionic emission410

42-3 Thermal ionization411

42-4 Chemical kinetics413

42-5 Einstein's laws of radiation414

CHAPTER 43. DIFFUSION417

43-1 Collisions between molecules417

43-2 The mean free path419

43-3 The drift speed420

43-4 Ionic conductivity422

43-5 Molecular diffusion423

43-6 Thermal conductivity425

CHAPTER 44. THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS427

44-1 Heat engines; the first law427

44-2 The second law429

44-3 Reversible engines430

44-4 The efficiency of an ideal engine433

44-5 The thermodynamic temperature435

44-6 Entropy436

CHAPTER 45. ILLUSTRATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS441

45-1 Internal energy441

45-2 Applications444

45-3 The Clausius-Clapeyron equation446

CHAPTER 46. RATCHET AND PAWL451

46-1 How a ratchet works451

46-2 The ratchet as an engine452

46-3 Reversibility in mechanics454

46-4 Irreversibility455

46-5 Order and entropy457

CHAPTER 47. SOUND THE WAVE EQUATION461

47-1 Waves461

47-2 The propagation of sound463

47-3 The wave equation464

47-4 Solutions of the wave equation466

47-5 The speed of sound467

CHAPTER 48. BEATS469

48-1 Adding two waves469

48-2 Beat notes and modulation471

48-3 Side bands472

48-4 Localized wave trains473

48-5 Probability amplitudes for particles475

48-6 Waves in three dimensions477

48-7 Normal modes478

CHAPTER 49. MODES481

49-1 The refiection of waves481

49-2 Confined waves, with natural frequencies482

49-3 Modes in two dimensions483

49-4 Coupled pendulums486

49-5 Linear systems487

CHAPTER 50. HARMONICS489

50-1 Musical tones489

50-2 The Fourier series490

50-3 Quality and consonance491

50-4 The Fourier coefficients493

50-5 The energy theorem495

50-6 Nonlinear responses496

CHAPTER 51. WAVES499

51-1 Bow waves499

51-2 Shock waves500

51-3 Waves in solids502

51-4 Surface waves505

CHAPTER 52. SYMMETRY IN PHYSICAL LAWS509

52-1 Symmetry operations509

52-2 Symmetry in space and time509

52-3 Symmetry and conservation laws511

52-4 Mirror reflections512

52-5 Polar and axial vectors514

52-6 Which hand is right?516

52-7 Parity is not conserved！516

52-8 Antimatter518

52-9 Broken symmetries519