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Ⅰ.Liquid-Gas1

Surface Tension1

Measurement of Surface Tension4

A.The Radii of Curvature4

B.Sessile Drops and Bubbles7

C.Capillary Pull8

D.Hanging Drops and Fibers10

E.Capillary Rise11

F.Liquid Jets14

G.Floating Sheet15

H.Drop Weight16

I.Oscillating Drops18

J Ripples19

K.Rupture of the Surface.“Tensiometer”20

L.Maximum Bubble Pressure21

Rate of Capillary Rise23

Cap？llary Attraction34

Drop Size.Spraying39

Bubble Size44

Bubbling Pressure and Pore Size47

Surface Tension Values48

Surface Tension and Temperature.Surface Tension and Other Properties52

Surface Tension and Chemical Composition57

Thermodynamics of Surface Tens？on.Surface Tension and Vapor Pressure60

Electric,Magnetic,and Light Effects on Surface Tension63

Surface Tension of Solutions64

Surface Tension of Ternary Mixtures76

Unimolecular F？lms or Monolayers78

Retardation of Evaporation by Unimolecular Films83

Surface Viscosity84

Drops Floating Above a Surface86

Movements in a Liquid Surface89

Gibbs Adsorption Equat？on,Chemical Equ？l？br？um at Interfaces90

The Structure of Surfaces94

Foam Films and Foam Bubbles98

Foam,Froth,Lather100

Utilization of Foam107

Foam Prevention113

Liquid Aerosols,M？st,Fog116

Utilization of Mists123

Dissipation of Fogs124

References128

Ⅱ.Liquid-Liquid136

Interfacial Tension136

Values of Interfacial Tension136

Interracial Tension in Multicomponent Systems141

Liquid Lenses and Spreading of Liquids over Liquids146

Films at Interfaces153

Emulsions155

Preparation of Emulsions158

Stability of Emulsions163

Inversion of Emulsions166

Utilization of Emulsions168

Breaking of Emulsions171

References173

Ⅲ.Solid-Gas177

Surface Energy of Solids177

Surface Cleanness179

Surface Roughness181

Methods for Determining Surface Roughness183

Data on Surface Roughness193

Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Solid Surfaces195

Adsorption of Gases and Vapors197

The Adsorption Isotherm200

The Adsorption Isobar207

The Adsorption Isostere209

Adsorption Hysteresis209

The Heat of Adsorption212

The Nature of the Adsorbent215

The Surface Area of the Adsorbent220

A.Geometrical Determination220

B.Permeability Method220

C.Heat Conductance Method221

D.Gas Adsorption Method221

E.Heat of Wetting Method224

Adsorption of Gas Mixtures225

The Rate of Adsorption228

Migration in the Adsorption Layer235

A.Rate of Crystal Growth235

B.Diffusion Through a Porous Adsorbent236

C.Radioactive Tracers236

D.Electron Emission237

Utilization of the Adsorption of Gases and Vapors238

Corrosion by Gases240

Dust and Smoke245

Determination of Particle Size249

A.Sieving249

B.Air Permeability250

C.Separation and Measurement of Single Particles250

D Electrostatic Determination250

Utilization and Precipitation of Dust and Smoke251

References257

Ⅳ.Solid-Liquid263

Interracial Energy263

Stagnant Layers at Sohd-Liquid Interfaces265

Heat Transfer269

Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Sohd Surfaces271

Surface Roughness of Electrodes279

Th？n Metal Films Condensed from Vapor281

Adsorption of Liquids Heat of Wetting284

Adsorption from Solutions287

The Isotherm of Apparent Adsorption289

The Temperature Coefficient of Adsorption294

The Nature of the Adsorbent295

The Rate of Adsorption299

Adsorption on Crystal Faces305

The Absolute Magnitude of Adsorption.The Surface Area of Adsorbent309

A.Adsorption Method311

B.Rad？oactive Exchange Method313

C.Other Methods315

The Importance of Adsorption317

Utilization of Adsorption for Removing Unwanted Constituents320

Utilization of Adsorption for Recovering Valuable Constituents322

Corrosion by Liquids325

Suspensions328

References335

Ⅴ.Solid-Liquid-Gas.Solid-Liquid-Liquid340

The Contact Angle340

A Direct Measurement343

B.Computation from the Drop Size343

C.Level Surface Method344

Reproducibility of Contact Angle Values345

The Hysteresis of the Contact Angle348

Contact Angles and Surface Roughness352

Numerical Values for Contact Angles354

Contact Anglesin Sohd-Liquid-Liquid Systems357

Imbibition and Wetting359

Importance and Utihzation of Wetting362

Solid Particles in Liquid Surfaces371

Comm？nuti？on and Surface Energy378

Adhesion382

Friction and Lubrication388

References395

Ⅵ.Electric Surface Phenomena399

Static Electricity399

Conductance of Solid-Gas Interfaces400

Prevention of Static Electricity403

Balloelectricity403

Electrokinetic Phenomena405

Electrokinetic Measurements406

The Theory of Electrokinetic Phenomena412

Surface Conductance.Electroviscous Effect418

Effect of the Composition of the Liquid Phase on Electrokinetic Phenomena419

Effect of the Solid on Electrokinetic Phenomena425

The Electric Double Layer428

Mutual Repulsion of Electric Double Layers433

Utilization of Electrokinetic Phenomena433

Electrodialysis437

Electrocapillarity441

The Capacity of the Double Layer450

Secondary Electrocapillary Effects452

References460

Author Index464

Subject Index480